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Variation of CFCs and SF_6 Concentration in Air of Urban Area, Kraków (Poland)

100%
Bielewski J., Śliwka I.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2014
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vol. 125
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issue 4
895-897
EN
Chlorofluorocarbons, both of natural and industrial origin, currently exist as trace gases in the entire human environment. The CFCs cause ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Moreover, CFCs and SF_6 take part in intensification of the greenhouse effect. On account of international agreements, the measurements of CFCs and SF_6 in air were started. Measurement stations of these gases were situated at places outside of urban areas influence and gathered on the world-wide program - AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment). One of these stations is Mace Head (Ireland, 53° N, 10° W), which participates in AGAGE since 1987 and in InGOS (Integrated non-CO_2 Greenhouse Gas Observing System) program since 2011. Similar research is also conducted in Central Europe, in urban area of Kraków (Poland, 50° N, 19° E) since 1997. This work discusses the results of concentration measurements (1997-2012) of selected halocarbons and SF_6 in Kraków. To obtain concentrations of the measured compounds the mathematical procedure has been used, where concentrations were calculated using a five points Lagrange interpolation method. Daily arithmetic means of the measured mixing ratios and their standard deviations were determined. Based on these data, efficiency of Montreal Protocol legislation, implemented in Poland could be assessed.
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The Cryogenic Enrichment System in Chromatographic Analysis of Noble Gases in Groundwater

100%
Najman J., Śliwka I.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2016
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vol. 130
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issue 3
737-742
EN
The concentration of helium in groundwater may be a good environmental tracer for groundwater dating in hydrogeology. In this work, we present a chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis of helium, neon, and argon in groundwater from a single groundwater sample. Proper use of environmental tracers for dating purposes requires the knowledge of the recharge temperature of the system and the excess air. Both parameters can be determined by measuring the concentration of argon and neon in groundwater. The lowest helium concentration in groundwater is 4.8×10¯⁸ cm³_{STP}/g_{H₂O} at sea level and temperature 10°C. In view of the deficiency of a suitable detector with a limit of detection for helium at the level of 4.8×10¯⁸ cm³_{STP}/g_{H₂O}, the application of the enrichment method is necessary. In this work, the cryogenic method of enrichment with activated charcoal at abated pressure conditions was applied. Helium, neon and argon are analyzed on two gas chromatographs equipped with capillary and packed columns (filled with molecular sieve 5A and activated charcoal) and three thermo-conductive detectors. The chromatographic method was applied to groundwater dating from Kraków and Żarnowiec aquifers. The levels of detection for measurement systems for the tested compounds are: 1.9×10¯⁸ cm³_{STP}/cm³ for neon, 3.1×10¯⁶ cm³_{STP}/cm³ for argon, and 1.2×10¯⁸ cm³_{STP}/cm³ for helium.
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