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EN
The State of Alaska is located in the north-western North America. Its area of 1 717 854 km2 is populated by 731 449 people (as 2012). Population density is low, only 0.5 person per square km. The main reason for the low population density are unfa-vourable natural conditions, the most important of which include climate, permafrost and topography. Alaska’s landscape diversity is a consequence of the variety of terrain types. For that reason, there are 8 national parks (Denali National Park, Gates of the Arctic National Park, Glacier Bay National Park, Katmai National Park, Kenai Fjords National Park, Kobuk Valley National Park, Lake Clark National Park, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park), national monuments and other lower rank protected areas established in Alaska. Each of these places, characterized by unique types of landscape (for example: glaciers, active volcanoes, fjords, high mountains) brings millions of tourists per year from the USA and all over the world. All these protected areas are very important for the development of tourist industry, and thus for the economy of USA. Alaska’s national parks draw about 2 million visitors annually.
PL
Stan Alaska położony jest na północnym-zachodzie Ameryki Północnej. Zajmuje on 1 717 854 km2 powierzchni, którą zamieszkuje 731 449 mieszkańców (2012 r.). Gęstość zaludnienia jest niewielka i wynosi zaledwie 0,5 os/km2. Wpływ na tę sytuację mają przede wszystkim stosunkowo niekorzystne warunki naturalne, z których najważniejszy wpływ mają warunki klimatyczne, wieloletnia zmarzlina i ukształtowanie terenu. Różnorodność krajobrazu będąca efektem ogromnego zróżnicowania form rzeźby, zdecydowała, iż na terenie Alaski utworzono 8 parków narodowych (Denali National Park, Gates of the Arctic National Park, Glacier Bay National Park, Katmai National Park, Kenai Fjords National Park, Kobuk Valley National Park, Lake Clark National Park, Wrangell‒St. Elias National Park), utworzono pomniki narodowe oraz obszary o niższej randze ochrony. Każdy z tych obszarów stanowi magnes przyciągający rzesze turystów z USA i z całego świata, gdyż znajdują się tu niepowtarzalne formy krajobrazu, jak lodowce, aktywne wulkany, fiordy, wysokie góry. Obszary te mają ogromne znacze-nie dla rozwoju turystyki w USA, a tym samym dla gospodarki. Rocznie tylko Alaskę odwiedza ok. 2 mln osób.
EN
Geokomplexes - units of a landscape structure were used as areas of reference for analysis of spatial arrangement of prehistoric archeological sites in Łódź and in its neighborhood. Geocomplex types were grouped into four classes: A - lithogenic geocomplexes associated with permeable deposits, B - lithogenic geocomplexes associated with low-permeable deposits, C - semihydrogenic geocomplexes developing under seasonal anaerobic conditions; D - hydrogenic geocomplexes developing under long lasting or permanent anaerobic conditions. The delimitation of the geocomplexes was based on a relative homogeneity of lithology and on the relief regarded as stabile physical features. The geocomplex classes were distinguished by water conditions. The location of 281 archeological sites from te Stone age to the late Iron Age clearly shows a concentration of archeological findings in a south-western part of Łódź. The largest number of the sites was found in valleys of the rivers Ner, Dobrzynka, Jasień, Olechówka and in the vicinity of the valleys. Archeological findigs were also encountered in the river valleys of the Bzura, Sok ołówka, and other streams of north-western part of the city. Similar location of archeological objects had been earlier recognised in the valleys of the Warta (Kamińska 1970, Bezkowska 1992), Bzura (Papińska 2001a, b, Rosin 1995, 2001), Moszczenica (K a m i ń s k i 1993) and Grabia (P e li s i a k 1991). It can be assumed that in all studied periods an access to water (to a river) was crucial for attracting settlers. The role of surficial water and of shallow groundwater for the settlement in the Łęczyca region was described by T. Krzemiński and Z. Maksymiuk (1966), and T. Krzemiński (1987). The analyses of the location of the prehistoric archaeological sites within geocomplex classes show that 59% of the sites under consideration were found in lithogenic geocomplexes associated with permeable deposits (A); 13,5% - in lithogenic geocomplexes associated with low-permeable deposits (B). Only 1,4% of the sites occurred in semihydrogenic geocomplexes (C), and 21,5% - in hydrogenic geocomplexes. The remaining 3,6% was located on the boundary of two geocomplex classes. Multicultural archaeological sites predominate, which indicates continuous settlement in the area. It can be assumed that natural features in a particular place were attractive for settlers from many cultures and times.
PL
Opracowanie prezentuje charakterystykę środowiska geograficznego Łodzi i okolic waspekcie tła dla rozwoju ekumeny w pradziejach. Położenie stanowisk archeologicznych od epoki kamienia do późnej epoki żelaza zaprezentowano na tle geokompleksów częściowych, zgrupowanych w cztery klasy. Kryteriami delimitacji geokompleksów były utwory powierzchniowe i rzeźba terenu, które są powszechnie uwaźane za komponenty stabilne. Podstawą wyróźniania klas geokompleksów były warunki wodne w nich panujące. zaprezentowano prawidłowości w rozmieszczeniu stanowisk archeologicznych w poszczególnych typach geokompleksów, a takźe w nawiązaniu do typu gospodarki charakterystycznej dla danej kultury archeologicznej.
EN
The issue of the reconstruction of landscape changes can be approached in two ways. The papers representing the approach contain analyses of the change of only one landscape element, for instance: of vegetation, of relief or of other components of the epigeosphere. The others present the complex reconstruction, comprising changes of all, or almost all features of the study area. The comparision of cartographic materials from various times was the most often used method in above 30 papers (Maruszczak 1950, Pietrzak 1973, Krzemiński, Now a k o ws k i 1980, etc.). Data derived from cartographic sources provides reliable information on landscape changes that occured in the last two hundred years. In order to get the most precise picture of the massive contemporary human inlluence on landscape, airplane photographs were used (S i n k i ewi c z 1987, S z a ł a p i e t a 1988). The above mentioned papers presented the changes using various basic units of evaluation, for example: geocomplexes, administrative or geometric units. The attempts. to introduce indices describing a degree of human interference in the environment are noteworthy. The indices, such as: the index of human impact intensity (Klimko 1991), of a degree of anthropogenic transformation (Chmielewski 1980) and of a degree of landscape change (M. & A. M a r s z 1990) have been proposed recently and are not widely used.
PL
Podjęto próbę przedstawienia niektórych metod stosowanych w rekonstrukcji przemian krajobrazu, będących efektem działalności człowieka. Wybrano metody stosowane głównie przez geografów, dla których podstawowym materiałem badawczym są dawne i współczesne źródła kartograficzne. Uzupełniające informacje pochodzą najczęściej z opracowań stanowisk archeologicznych, historycznych źródeł pisanych i innych. Przedstawiono głównie przykłady metod stosowanych w obszarach nizinnych i wyżynnych.
EN
After Poland joins the European Union Polish agriculture will face significant structural changes, with the consequent loss of biological diversity. With the aim of taking actions to prevent the degradation of agricultural landscape, in 2002 a common research project "Biodiversity of agricultural landscape of Central Poland and its expected changes in connection with the transformations of agrarian structure after Polish accession to the EU" was started by an international team from the University of Łódź and Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany. The principal aim of the research is to assess the current state, expected future changes and threats to biodiversity in agricultural areas of Central Poland. The issue of the protection of agricultural landscapes accords "The national strategy for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity" announced by the Ministry of the Environment. The investigation will include the following tasks: - to determine the landscape structure of the study area - delimitation of morpholithohydrotopes; - to describe the current land use; - to analyse the floristic diversity of the studied habitats; - to determine the relation of landscape structure, land use and biodiversity; - to study the importance of linear structures in agricultural landscape for floristic biodiversity; - to distinguish areas suitable for the implementation of various protecting measures. The results of investigations will enable to define types of areas with the highest natural values in agricultural landscape, which should be designated as protected areas or covered by agri-environmental schemes. Conclusions from implementation of the new investigation procedure can be adopted for spatial planning at local and regional levels. The results can become a basis for the development of detailed indications of directions of agriculturalland management so that traditional agrarian structure would be preserved in the areas with the highest biological diversity. Adverse changes of agrarian structure and biodiversity that took place in Germany call for urgent implementation of the research project in Central Poland with the aim of taking actions to prevent the degradation of Polish agricultural landscape.
PL
W związku z przewidywanymi zmianami w strukturze własnościowej, obszarowej, kierunków użytkowania ziemi, jakie nastąpią w rolnictwie po wejściu do Unii Europejskiej, Autorzy przedstawiają projekt prac badawczych dotyczących różnorodności biologicznej obszarów rolniczych Polski Środkowej. W Artykule zostały przedstawione cele i proponowane metody badań, charakterystyki trzech wybranych obszarów reprezentatywnych, czynniki wpływające na różnorodność biologiczną, dokonano wstępnej oceny stanu bioróżnorodności oraz wyrażono opinie na temat możliwości ochrony terenów rolniczych.
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