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EN
The execution variability and outcomes found in throwing actions have received special attention in numerous studies in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an unstable condition on velocity, accuracy and kinematics of movement in the seven metres throw in handball. Twenty-five young handball players took part in an experiment, throwing towards a target on a stable and an unstable surface. Each participant performed 32 throws, 16 for each situation. Linear variability of the dominant hand was assessed by 3D Motion Tracking. A radar sports gun was used to record the velocity of the ball and the throws were video recorded to establish their accuracy. Results showed significant decreases in throwing velocity in unstable conditions, but these did not significantly affect the accuracy achieved in performance. Differences were also found in movement kinematics between the two throwing conditions and relationships were found between kinematics, velocity and accuracy.
EN
Introduction Physical activity is defined as every movement performed by skeletal muscles above resting metabolic rate. It is important for children and youth as it contributes to appropriate emotional, social and somatic development. It may be limited by developmental disorders, diseases and disabilities. The aim of the work was to review the literature regarding physical activity of children and youth with motor disabilities. Material and methods The literature review was performed with the use of EBSCO and PubMed databases. The study inclusion criteria were as follows: publication in the English, Spanish or Polish language (1), abstract and/or title of the work included phrases “physical activity” and “children” and “disability” or “children with disabilities” and “fitness” and “activity” or “performance” and “children with disabilities” and “physical activity” (2), the work was published in the years 2011-2018 (3), it is available as a full-text article (4) and it comes from a scientific journal (5). Results As a result of the literature review, 516 articles were found, out of which 66 were found in EBSCO and 450 in PubMed. Ultimately, 35 papers which fulfilled the inclusion criteria (27 original articles and 8 reviews) were qualified for the study. Conclusions Persons with disabilities take up any forms of physical activity considerably less frequently than functionally fit individuals. Barriers which hinder taking up physical activity by children with disabilities are constituted mainly by environmental, psychological and physical factors. In order to assess physical activity of children and youth with disabilities, accelerometers, endurance tests, participation and quality of life questionnaires and interviews are applied most frequently.
EN
Introduction: Every year in Poland spinal cord injury occurs in about 800 people. They have to learn to live in a completely new world suited to the skills and abilities of healthy people. The aim of the research was to find out how the adaptation to self-disability among people with paraplegia proceeds in relation to its duration. Material and methods: 40 people with spinal cord injury took part in the research. They were divided into two groups according to the duration of their disability: up to two years of disability and from five years on. In the research the “Psycho-social adaptation” anamnesis created by the author of this paper was used. Its questions covered four categories: Attitude towards self-disability; Interpersonal relations; Work and recreation; Plans, desires, dreams.Results: Persons with a shorter course of paraplegia more often emphasized the negative sides of their disability: barriers, their own defects and restraints. On the other hand, persons with a longer course of paraplegia were aware of their limitations, but they were also able to point out a lot of positive sides of their disability.Conclusion: The research has confirmed the fact that a longer period of disability leads to better adaptation to it, but further analyses with a larger group of the examined is necessary. It must also be taken into consideration that the course of time is just one of many factors positively affecting the adaptation process.
PL
Wstęp: Rozpoczynając interwencję terapeutyczną terapeuta zajęciowy na drodze obserwacji i wywiadu z pacjentem ustala jakie trudności zajęciowe posiada jego podopieczny. Pacjenci po przebytym udarze niedokrwiennym mózgu należą do jednej z grup odbiorców terapii zajęciowej. Osoby te na co dzień mierzą się z różnymi trudnościami, również w zakresie podstawowych czynności dnia codziennego, a jedną z takich aktywności może być samodzielne spożywanie posiłków. W publikacji przedstawiono wyniki autorskich badań pilotażowych dotyczących treningu samodzielnego spożywania posiłków przez pacjentów u których wystąpił udar niedokrwienny mózgu. Materiał i metoda: W ramach interwencji zastosowano u 10 pacjentów adaptację składającą się ze specjalnej opaski na rękę, do której można było przymocować sztuciec. Zastosowanie opaski miało na celu umożliwienie samodzielnego spożywania posiłków przez pacjentów. Kryteriami włączenia do badań były: wystąpienie udaru niedokrwiennego mózgu nie później niż 6 miesięcy od momentu rozpoczęcia badań, zajęcie dominującej kończyny górnej, zachowanie ruchomości stawu ramiennego i stawu łokciowego w stopniu umiarkowanym oraz brak możliwości chwytu sztućców. Wyniki: Ocena ważności wykonania czynności spożywania posiłków wzrosła po terapii, a wartość p osiągnęła poziom 0,03. Ocena końcowa satysfakcji z wykonywania czynności była wyższa niż ocena początkowa, poziom istotności statystycznej wynosił 0,005. Czas wykonywania czynności znacząco zmniejszył się po zastosowaniu zaproponowanej adaptacji. Wyniki były istotne statystycznie (p = 0,005). Wnioski: Badania pilotażowe wykazały, iż zastosowanie opaski może umożliwić pacjentom samodzielne spożywanie posiłków. Badana próbka zwróciła uwagę na większą wygodę korzystania ze sztućców co w efekcie przełożyło się na zwiększenie satysfakcji z wykonywania aktywności podczas oceny końcowej.
EN
Introduction: Beginning the occupational therapy intervention, an occupational therapist determines what occupational difficulties a patient has during observation and interview. Patients after ischemic stroke belong to one of the groups of recipients of occupational therapy. These people have various difficulties, also in term of Activities of Daily Living and one of these activities may be eating. In this publication, the results are shown of the authors’ pilot study on training in the independent consumption of meals by patients who have undergone ischemic stroke. Materials and methods: As part of the applied intervention, adaptation consisted of using a special wristband in 10 patients, to which cutlery can be attached. The use of the wristband was aimed at enabling patients to eat independently. The following study inclusion criteria were adopted: ischemic stroke no later than six months prior to beginning the study, constraint of the dominant upper limb, preserved mobility of the shoulder and elbow joints in moderate degree and no possibility to hold cutlery. Results: Assessment regarding the significance of eating meals increased after therapy and the p-value reached 0.03. Final assessment concerning the satisfaction of performing the activity was better than initial evaluation, the level of statistical significance reaching 0.005. The duration of performing the activity significantly decreased after applying the proposed adaptation. The results were statistically significant at the level of (p=0.005). Conclusions: The results of the pilot study allow to conclude that the use of the wristband facilitates patients in eating meals themselves. The examined sample pointed to the greater convenience of using cutlery, which as an effect, leads to an increase in satisfaction with performing activities during the final assessment.
EN
Water scarcity, especially in the small islands of Indonesia, has caused trouble for social maintenence of water needs. While many instruments have been developed to measure community vulnerability indexes, the majority do not reflect the overall condition. Therefore, this research will formulate a vulnerability index for water fulfillment in small islands, using a comprehensive method so that the result can be used as a reference in policy-making. This research applied the deductive-positivist approach of the quantitative method. It started off with establishing the dimensions of vulnerability: exposure, adaptive capacity, and sensitivity. These were then operationalized into indicator/parameter of indexes to measure vulnerable conditions. The result shows that this vulnerability index can be utilized as a basis for policy decision-making as it considers the attributes that had proved to be sustainable. To reduce vulnerability in small islands, there is a need for a policy that considers community capacity and adaptive patterns that could improve their social and economic capital.
EN
Introduction: The period of early adulthood brings in the life various developmental tasks. People need to have a well-developed coping skills to successfully implement them. Congenital disability is related to additional challenges which often interfere with the process of entering in adulthood. The aim of the study is an analyzing the sense of coherence and strategies cope with stress by young adults with cerebral palsy. Materials and methods: 30 people with cerebral palsy at the age of 20-35 years, and 30 non-disabled people were invited to this study. The SOC-29 to measure the level of sense of coherence and WCQ to define a coping strategies were used. Results: Young adults with cerebral palsy showed lower level of a sense of coherence than persons with typical development. In the area of coping strategies people with disability rarely seeking a social support. Correlation analysis showed the relationship between the social support and a global sense of coherence and its three components. Conclusions: There is a need to pay more attention for a developing general resources in patients and an ability to seeking social support.
EN
Despite major advancements in the treatment of cancer in children that have increased significantly the chances of survival for underage patients, cancer remains a crisis situation for the patient and their family alike. The parents are forced to face a whole array of challenges ranging from ensuring permanent care, to invasive, long-term treatment, to dealing with financial problems and psychological issues. According to DSM-IV, cancer diagnosis in is a traumatising experience for a child that tends to result with development of post-traumatic stress symptoms. These and other symptoms of disrupted emotional functioning of a child may, in turn, threaten the parents’ ability to adapt to the new situation. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the results of studies related to the psychological difficulties experienced by parents of paediatric cancer patients and the social support they receive as well as the resources they use to cope in difficult situations. Results: A review of literature available on the subject confirmed an increased risk for psychopathology manifesting as depression, fear and trauma in this group of parents. The analysis of results obtained in different studies has demonstrated the level of aggravation of the aforementioned symptoms to depend on a whole number of variables, including the time from the child’s diagnosis. As the collected data highlight the importance of received support and the general ability to cope with stress for the emotional functioning of the mother or father in the course of the child’s illness, this necessitates important practical measures to be taken, with particular emphasis on planning therapy for this group of parents.
PL
Choć w leczeniu chorób nowotworowych u dzieci odnotowano znaczące postępy, a tym samym realnie wzrosły szanse na przeżycie nieletnich pacjentów, jest to wciąż sytuacja kryzysowa nie tylko dla chorego, lecz także dla jego rodziny. Rodzice stają bowiem w obliczu szeregu wyzwań, dotyczących m.in. stałej opieki nad dzieckiem, inwazyjnego i długotrwałego leczenia, problemów finansowych, jak również trudności natury psychologicznej. Zgodnie z klasyfikacją DSM-IV nowotwór zdiagnozowany u dziecka może być przeżyciem o charakterze traumatycznym i prowadzić do wystąpienia objawów stresu pourazowego. Te i inne symptomy zaburzonego funkcjonowania emocjonalnego dziecka mogą z kolei poważnie zagrażać adaptacji rodziców do nowej sytuacji. Celem artykułu jest analiza wyników badań dotyczących psychologicznych trudności rodziców dzieci chorych onkologicznie oraz wsparcia społecznego, które te osoby otrzymują, i stosowanych sposobów radzenia sobie w sytuacjach trudnych. Wnioski: Przegląd piśmiennictwa potwierdził zwiększone ryzyko wystąpienia objawów psychopatologicznych o obrazie depresji, lęku i traumy w omawianej grupie rodziców. Analiza wyników badań wykazała zależność poziomu nasilenia objawów od szeregu zmiennych, w tym od czasu, który upłynął od momentu diagnozy dziecka. Uzyskane dane podkreślają znaczenie wsparcia i umiejętności radzenia sobie ze stresem dla funkcjonowania emocjonalnego matki lub ojca podczas choroby dziecka. Stanowi to podstawę do ważnych działań praktycznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem planowania terapii dla tej grupy rodziców.
Kosmos
|
2018
|
vol. 67
|
issue 2
263-273
PL
Efekt lilipuci (lub efekt Liliputa) w swojej pierwotnej wersji definiuje się jako odpowiedź adaptacyjną organizmu na pogorszenie się warunków środowiskowych, polegającą na pozdarzeniowym zmniejszeniu rozmiarów ciała osobników składających się na daną populację. Obecnie wyróżniamy cztery jego typy: preferencyjne przetrwanie taksonów o mniejszym rozmiarze ciała (wymieranie taksonów o dużych rozmiarach), karłowacenie taksonów o dużych rozmiarach, miniaturyzacja połączona z dodatkowymi zmianami morfologicznymi oraz efekt lilipuci połączony z efektem Łazarza. Jako główne przyczyny tego zjawiska wymienia się drastyczne zmiany temperatury (ocieplenie lub ochłodzenie klimatu), zmiany stopnia zasolenia mórz, zakwaszenie mórz, zubożenie środowiska w tlen (zjawiska anoksyczne oraz hipoksyczne), fluktuacje poziomu morza, utratę organizmów symbiotycznych, załamanie w produkcji pierwotnej oraz załamanie sieci troficznych. Efekt lilipuci rozpatrywany jest jednak jako skuteczna adaptacja do tego typu niekorzystnych warunków, ponieważ organizmy skarłowaciałe cechują się mniejszym zapotrzebowaniem na określone zasoby środowiska oraz szybciej osiągają dojrzałość płciową. Został on opisany u takich grupach organizmów jak kręgowce, bezkręgowce, protisty oraz rośliny.
EN
In its original version, Lilliput effect (LE) is defined as adaptive response of an organism to the deterioration of environmental conditions, involving after-event reduction of individuals body size in a given population. Currently, four patterns of LE are considered - preferential survival of smaller taxa (extinction of large taxa), dwarfing of taxa, miniaturization combined with additional morphological changes, and LE combined with Lazarus effect. As the main reasons underlying this phenomenon are mentioned: drastic temperature changes (climate warming or cooling), changes in sea salinity, sea acidification, depletion in oxygen of environment (anoxic and hypoxic conditions), sea level fluctuations, loss of symbiotic organisms, collapse in primary production and of food webs. However, LE is considered as effective adaptation for this type of unfavorable conditions, because dwarfed organisms require lower demand for certain environmental resources and quickly reach sexual maturity. The Lilliput effect has been described for many groups of organisms such as vertebrates, invertebrates, protists and plants.
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