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EN
The aim of this study was to assess the maximum velocity achieved by professional soccer players. The study involved 20 professional football players. The analysis of the achieved velocities during the season was based on individual maximum velocity values obtained in a preseason period test using the GPS monitoring device Catapult Vector S7. The study covered 20 match units and 77 training units. A velocity equal to or greater than 100% of the maximum velocity was achieved 24 times - 21 times (accounting for 88%) during a competitive match (MD 0), 1 time (accounting for 4%) two days before (MD-2), and two times (accounting for 8%) three days before (MD-3). A velocity in the range of 90-99% of the maximum velocity was achieved 207 times. The results confirm that football players can achieve values equal to or greater than 100% of their maximum velocities; however, this occurrence is rare. Due to the low probability of high maximum velocity values during a training microcycle, it is recommended to incorporate specific training methods that allow for achieving high maximum velocities to reduce the risk of hamstring muscle injuries among players, especially among reserve players (who rarely participate in competitive matches).
EN
This study aimed to compare the physical demands of contact small sided game (CSSG), non-contact small sided game (NCSSG) and match play in female rugby union. Fifteen female rugby union players participated within this study. Participants completed two testing sessions. Session one involved two 20-minute small sided games (contact and non-contact). Session two involved a competitive rugby union game. Movement characteristics, heart rate, PlayerLoadTM and tackles were recorded using GPS units and heart rate monitors. No significant differences were identified between conditions in relation to average heart rate or time spent in different heart rate zones. Significant differences were identified between conditions for distance, normalised PlayerLoadTM and tackles. Distance covered was significantly higher in the non-contact small sided game, while normalised PlayerLoadTM and tackles were significantly lower in this condition. These findings suggest that the physiological stress, in terms of heart rate, is comparable between the match and both small sided games. Thus both small sided games seem to elicit an appropriate internal training response. However, the reductions in tackles and normalised PlayerLoadTM in the non-contact small sided game are likely to reduce injury risk, while the increase in distance covered may enhance the training stimuli provided in this condition.
EN
The DGPS (Differential GPS) and EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) systems belong to a group of systems supporting the global satellite system GPS (Global Positioning System). These systems have significantly better navigation performance than GPS and, therefore, they are widely used in the maritime, civil and air navigation. The analysis of the positioning accuracy of GPS leads to the conclusion: from year to year the accuracy of the positioning determination increases. The effect of the permanent increasing of the GPS positioning accuracy is the parallel increasing of the positioning accuracies of all the supporting systems. In connection with the constant improvement of the precision characteristics of the above mentioned systems on one hand and the fact, that the users do not possess the current information about the actual status of these characteristics on the other hand, it is reasonable to conduct the periodical research in this area. For that purpose the long-term measurement campaigns were realized in the years 2006-2014; the values of measures, describing the positioning accuracies obtained by both systems, were determined on the basis of those campaigns.
EN
Soccer match-play is increasingly characterised by short, high-speed bursts reliant on the ability to accelerate. Performance is impaired after peak acceleration activity and during the second half and may compromise a player’s effectiveness. To date, information about repeated acceleration sequences is lacking but would provide further insight into high-speed activity during competition. This study examined repeated acceleration ability (RAA) using GPS (5 Hz) and accelerometer (100 Hz), during 14 competitive youth soccer matches from the 2014–2015 season. Results showed that RAA profiles were relatively homogeneous, and there were no significant differences between playing positions. RAA activity was also relatively stable between playing halves and only the activity of forwards declined significantly. In summary, this study suggests that RAA is a generic requirement of match-play at this level but presents a specific focus for conditioning regimens.
EN
Drones (UAV, unmanned aerial vehicles), along with the development of technology, are more and more used to solve scientific problems. This is particularly true for Earth and environmental sciences, including geomorphology, structural geology and sedimentology. In addition to hardware and technical issues, the parallel development of photogrammetric programs and systems for increasing the precision of drone flight path measurements are contributing to the ability to create land maps as well as 3D models with increasing accuracy. This paper describes the possibility of using drones carrying a non-metric RGB camera or thermal sensor, for the study of morphological changes of terrain based on the analysis of photographs, orthophotos and 3D models. Test studies were carried out in the valleys of the Warta and Pilica rivers in the area of artificial reservoirs, as well as on moraine uplands – mainly in open-pit mines. The results of these tests show that proper flight planning and configuration of the aircraft’s camera work guarantee obtaining the right data necessary for later processing in software, such as GIS. The most important parameters included: determination of the area of the planned raid, flight altitude above ground level, aircraft speed, camera repetition rate and accuracy of the generated material.
PL
Drony (bezzałogowe statki powietrzne – BSP) wraz z rozwojem technologii są coraz częściej wykorzystywane do rozwiązywania problemów naukowych. Dotyczy to w szczególności nauk o Ziemi i środowisku, w tym geomorfologii, geologii strukturalnej i sedymentologii. Obok kwestii sprzętowo-technicznych, równoległy rozwój programów fotogrametrycznych oraz systemów służących do zwiększania precyzji pomiarów przebiegu lotu dronów, przyczyniają się do możliwości tworzenia zarówno map terenu, jak i modeli 3D o coraz większej dokładności. W niniejszej pracy opisano możliwości wykorzystania dronów wyposażonych w niemetryczną kamerę RGB lub sensor termalny do badania przemian morfologicznych terenu na podstawie analizy zdjęć, ortofotomap i modeli 3D. Badania testowe przeprowadzono w dolinach Warty i Pilicy w rejonie sztucznych zbiorników oraz na wysoczyznach morenowych i płaskowyżach – głównie w kopalniach odkrywkowych. Wynika z nich, że odpowiednie zaplanowanie lotu i konfiguracja pracy kamery statku powietrznego gwarantują uzyskanie właściwych danych niezbędnych do późniejszej obróbki w oprogramowaniu, np. GIS. Do najważniejszych parametrów zaliczono: określenie obszaru planowanego nalotu, wysokość lotu nad poziomem gruntu, prędkość statku powietrznego, prędkość powtarzalności kamery oraz dokładność generowanego materiału.
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