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  1. 25 Biotechnologia

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  3. 2 Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej

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  1. 3 Figlerowicz M.

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1

Differential display - the method of searching for specifically expressed genes

100%
Dabrowska G.
Biotechnologia
|
2001
|
issue 3
124-133
EN
Identification of differentially expressed genes is one of the major challenges in molecular biology. Several techniques allow the cloning of such sequences. However, methods such as differential hybridization are time-consuming and require large amounts of mRNA. Recently a new approach has been successfully developed: differential display by polymerase chain reaction (DD PCR). This technique has been proven to be highly effective in identifying sequences that are differentially expressed in various cell types.
2

A genom ? wide range analysis of gene expression ? application in biological sciences and medicine

63%
Pawliczak R., Kowalski M. L.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
|
2002
|
vol. 56
|
issue 4
537-553
EN
Microarrays are one of the latest breakthroughs in experimental molecular biology, which allow monitoring of gene expression for tens of thousands of genes in parallel and are already producing huge amounts of valuable data. Microarray RNA expression on a genome-wide range is now a proven technology, although the idea of analysis of expression many genes in one sample is not new. Since the development of clone printing technology and oligonucleotide synthesis allowed to produce high density microarray. In this publication we provide the information about the technology, available detection systems and data analysis software. Comprehensive review of current or fundamental papers using microarray technology application in immunology, rheumatoid arthritis, oncology, cystis fibrosis research, primary pulmonary hypertension, psychiatry, and allergic airways inflammation is also included.
3

Structure, expression and engineering of milk protein genes

63%
Zwierzchowski L.
Biotechnologia
|
1996
|
issue 2
81-94
EN
Expression of milk protein genes is regulated by hormones, growth factors and extracellular matrix.Prolactin, the major lactogenic hormone, promotes all stages of casein gene expression. Besides prolactin, also growth hormone may directly induce expression of milk protein genes. Computer analysis, mutation experiments and DNA-protein binding experiments enabled indentification of mammary-specific trasnscription factors and cis-regulatory sequences in milk protein gene promoters. Also, transgene technology enables recognition of regulatory sequences in milk protein genes.Moreover, transgenic animals carrying structural genes of human proteins fused to mammary specific promoters are considered as living "bioreactors" designated to produce human proteins for pharmaceutical use.
4

Characteristics of genes expressed during plant somatic embryogenesis

63%
Gruszczynska A., Rakoczy-Trojanowska M.
Biotechnologia
|
2007
|
issue 1
96-106
EN
Recently, several papers regarding genes essential for somatic embryogenesis have been published. The most important genes playing a key role in both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis are: SERK, LEC, and BBM. The majority of them are regulatory genes coding transcriptional factors. It was proved that the highest transcript accumulation of AGL15, BBM, SERK genes is characteristic for early stages of embryogenesis. The other genes, e.g. LEC1, L1L, LEC2, FUS3, PEI1 are preferentially expressed in later stages. Recently, NiR gene coding ferredoxin ? nitrite reductase, isolated from QTL region has been proved to play a key role in regeneration ability of rice. Although many investigations have been performed up to date, the molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis is still far from understanding.
5

Structure and organ-specific expression of plant genes encoding proteins of PR10 class

63%
Sikorski M. M., Biesiadka J.
Biotechnologia
|
1999
|
issue 3
13-35
EN
Intracellular Pathogenesis-Related (IPR) Proteins of PR10 class are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. Their homologues were found in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. PR10 proteins are small polypeptides of Mr 16 000 - 18 000, slightly acidic and resistant to proteases. The absence of an apparent signal peptide and their structural properties indicate that they are cytosolic. PR10 proteins are encoded by small multigene families. They accumulate around sites of pathogen invasion, wounding and are induced by other environmental stress, suggesting their involvement in a general defence mechanism. The physiological function and any contribution of PR10 proteins to a defence mechanism remain unknown. However, high amino acid sequence homology and the similarity of the expression pattern with that of ginseng ribonuclease suggest that an RNase activity associated with these proteins may be involved in the defence reaction. There are also suggestions that PR10 proteins play an important role in the plant development, since they have been identified in dry seeds, developed roots, stems, various parts of flowers and senescent leaves. Some PR10 protein homologues appeared to be induced by plant hormones (abscisic acid, cytokinin and ethylene) and show organ-specific expression, what indicates their involvement in different physiological processes of non stressed plant.
6

Baculovirus in biotechnology

51%
Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A., Olejnik A.
Biotechnologia
|
2002
|
issue 1
71-86
EN
Baculoviruses are a diverse group of large viruses with covalently close double-stranded DNA genomes of 80-200 kilobasepairs (kbp). Baculoviruses are pathogenic for invertebrates, primarily for insects. Baculovirus particles exist in two biochemically and morphologically distinct forms, an extracellular, nonoccluded (NOV), budded virus (BV) and an occluded form (OV), which are known as polyhedral derived viruses (PDV). Baculovirus genes expression is divided into three basic phases: early (E), late (L) and very late (VL). Briefly, these phases correspond biologically to: (E) reprogramming the cell for virus replication, (L) producing BV and (VL) producing OV. The several baculovirus genes are nonessential for virus replication, and their lack in viral genome does not have any effect on forming of infectious virus particles in the tissue culture. Some of the gene expression is driven by very strong late promoters (polyhedrin and p10) and their loci are ideal cloning sites for genes of heterologous proteins. The baculovirus expression vector system is the powerful tool for production of foreign proteins. One of the major advantages of the insect cell/baculovirus system over bacterial and mammalian systems is a very high expression of recombinant proteins, which is in many cases, antigenically, immunogenically and functionally similar to their native counterparts.
7

Blood proliferative diseases ? application of the DNA microarrays for transcriptome analysis

51%
Handschuh L., Lewandowski K., Kazmierczak M., Komarnicki M., Figlerowicz M.
Biotechnologia
|
2009
|
issue 3
22-43
EN
Hematopoiesis is a complex process precisely regulated by a wide spectrum of cooperating factors. Dysfunction of hematopoietic cell proliferation, differentiation or maturation usually leads to the malignant transformation. The DNA microarray-based transcriptome analysis helped to revise the traditional classification of hematological disorders, predict their outcome, test potential therapeutic agents and better understand basic mechanisms underlying cancer origin and development. Here, the results of gene expression profiling in myelo- and lymphoproliferative diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndromes, are presented. Two microarray technologies were applied in this area of research: Affymetrix gene chips and cDNA microarrays. Among them, Lymphochip is a prominent example of a specialized cDNA microarray tool designed to investigate gene expression in the immunological system and hematological diseases. It seems that typical problems connected with microarray results analysis ? small number of patients, loss of reproducibility can be overcome by increasing the number of samples and application of identical protocols, equipment and reagents in different laboratories.
8

Mutagenesis of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells

51%
Grundland C.
Biotechnologia
|
1999
|
issue 1
94-105
EN
Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from preimplantation mouse embryo provide a powerful tool for genome manipulation in mammals. The two principal genetic approaches are used to modify genomes of embryonic stem cells, which may be introduced into blastocyst to produce chimeras, and these animals transmit the genetic alteration into the next generation. One approach, targeted mutagenesis, is designed to disrupt the function of specific murine genes that are known by their homology to genes of other organisms. The other approach, gene trapping by randomly insertional mutagenesis, is designed to identify novel, developmentally regulated genes in mouse embryos. In vivo screens allow for the identification and studying of genes that are expressed either within specific tissue or in spatiotemporal patterns. As an alternative to in vivo gene study, gene expression within specific cell types may be monitored in different ES cell cultures.
9

The use of RNA molecules in modeling of gene expression

51%
Pieczynski M., Bielewicz D., Dolata J., Szweykowska-Kulinska Z.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 3
7-28
EN
Gene silencing and modeling of gene expression are classical approaches in studying gene functions. There are many methods available which use RNA molecules as gene silencing inducers or gene expression modulators. RNA molecules act at different levels of gene expression: chromatin structure, gene transcription and pre-mRNA maturation. In the last decade, new methods for silencing and modeling of gene expression emerged, utilizing RNAi phenomenon, trans-splicing, RNA directed DNA metylation, ribozymes, artificial microRNAs, ryboswitches, and U1 interference. In this paper, we review some of the methods which were successfully used for gene function studies and as therapeutic tools against different plant and human diseases.
10

Structural and functional genomics in domestic animals: the way to understand the phenotype

51%
Schwerin M.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2001
|
vol. 42
|
issue 3
293-308
EN
Molecular approaches to genome analysis in livestock are reviewed by discussing the contribution of molecular genome analysis to the identification of the genetic variation underlying phenotypic variation (structural genome analysis) and to the definition of the trait-associated and environment-affected gene expression (functional genome analysis) as an important prerequisite to understanding the formation of a phenotype. Aspects of using mapped ?quantitative trait loci? (QTL) or gene variants as well as the identified trait-associated and environment-affected gene expression profile in livestock production are expounded.
11

MicroRNA in pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

51%
Szaumkessel M., Szyfter K.
Biotechnologia
|
2010
|
issue 3
64-74
EN
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth cancer in regard of both incidence and poor effect of treatment therapies, manifested in low cure rates (5-year survival rate ? 50%). The molecular heterogeneity found in HNSCC is the main reason why the already published data has not been sufficient to develop reliable prognostic tests and efficient therapies. A novel group of small non-coding RNA molecules (microRNA or miRNA) has been identified and proved to be strongly involved in cancer. However, the existing data does not specifically address microRNA involvement in HNSCC development and progression. This report summarizes the state-of-art concerning miRNA research in head and neck cancer and provides a list of miRNAs potentially involved in HNSCC pathogenesis.
12

Regulatory ribonucleic acids

51%
Zywicki M., Szymanski M., Barciszewska M. Z., Barciszewski J.
|
|
issue 2
28-53
EN
In recent years there was a growing number of reports of new non-protein-coding RNAs which are implicated in the regulation of many cellular processes. They differ in many respects from already known housekeeping RNA species involved in protein biosynthesis (tRNA, rRNA) and RNA maturation or modification (RNase P RNA, snRNAs, snoRNAs). Regulatory RNAs (riboregulators) are expressed only in certain cell types, at particular stages of organism development or cell differentiation or in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Their expression is usually accompanied by the alteration of patterns of the expression of other genes. The mechanisms employed by riboregulators can affect transcription, pre-mRNA processing and translation. In the post-genomic era, the noncoding regulatory RNAs emerge as key determinants of organismal complexity, providing efficient and highly specific means for integration of various cellular processes.
13

Antisense oligonucleotides as a tool to study gene expression in the brain

51%
Szklarczyk A., Kaczmarek L.
|
EN
Antisense oligonucleotides (asODN) have recently been used to block specific gene expression in the rodent brain.Their target include subunits of receptors for neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and transcription factors, i.e., those proteins,whose other blocker are not known.Succesful applications of the as ODN require good understanding of their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and side effects in the brain.Unfortunately, very little is known in this regard.Both intraventricular and intrastructure route of administration of phosphorodiester (0-ODN) and phosphorothioate (S-ODN) ODN to the brain were effectvely employed.However doses used,even in the case of the same analog, differ up to two orders of magnitude.Since translation arrest is belived to be an effective mechanism of ODN activity in the brain, most of the authors target the ODN to the mRNA region including the translation codon, but there are most no studies of the target mRNA levels.The paper reviews the recent development in this field, offering critical evaluation of the data.
14

Regulation of gene expression in plasmid vectors: doxocyclin-dependent and hypoxia-regulated systems

51%
Golda S., Kucharzewska P., Cisowski J., Florczyk U., Zagorska A., Jazwa A., Loboda A., Jozkowicz A., Dulak J.
|
|
issue 3
82-97
EN
Regulation of gene expression in gene therapy is crucial for obtaining the therapeutic effects, thanks to limitation of transgene activity to the selected cells in a given time. In this paper we have focused on plasmid expression systems regulated by doxycycline or hypoxia. We have described in details the structure, regulatory elements and biological applications of 1) the modified, commercially available Tet-On system, expressing doxycycline-controlled b-galactosidase and, 2) hypoxia-activated FGF-4/VEGF expression plasmid containing the hypoxia responsive sequence. The presented expression systems can also be used in viral vectors, enabling not only regulated, but also high and long-term expression of transgenes.
15

Noncoding RNA transcripts

51%
Szymanski M., Barciszewska M. Z., Zywicki M., Barciszewski J.
Journal of Applied Genetics
|
2003
|
vol. 44
|
issue 1
1-19
EN
Recent analyses of the human genome and available data about the other higher eukaryotic genomes have revealed that, in contrast to Eubacteria and Archaea, only a small fraction of the genetic material (ca 1.5%) codes for proteins. Most of genomic DNA and its RNA transcripts are involved in regulation of gene expression, which can be exerted at either the transcriptional level, controlling whether a gene is transcribed and to what extent, or at the post-translational level, regulating the fate of the transcribed RNA molecules, including their stability, efficiency of their translation and subcellular localization. Noncoding RNA genes produce functional RNA molecules (ncRNAs) rather than encoding proteins. These stable RNAs act by multiple mechanisms such as RNA-RNA base pairing, RNA-protein interactions and intrinsic RNA activity, as well as regulate diverse cellular functions, including RNA processing, mRNA stability, translation, protein stability and secretion. Non-protein-coding RNAs are known to play significant roles. Along with transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs and mRNAs, ncRNAs contribute to gene splicing, nucleotide modification, protein transport and regulation of gene expression.
16

Heterologus gene expression in S.cerevisiae

51%
Topczewska J.
Biotechnologia
|
1993
|
issue 3
184-195
EN
Yeast S.cerevisiae plays an important role of a host for expression and . High-level expression of foreign genes in S. cerevisiae is the result of a number of optimized reactions in the cell. In this article I will focus on the vectors designed for efficient expression and secretion of foreign proteins from yeast cells into the medium.
17

Gene expression in neuronal apoptosis-looking far a therapeutic window

51%
Figiel I., Filipkowski R. K., Hetman M. K. B., Kaczmarek L.
Biotechnologia
|
1996
|
issue 4
132-140
EN
Wxititixicity - cell loss occurring after an excessive stimulation with excitatory amino acid - has been suggested to underlie major neurodegenerative disorders.Recent studies imply that this phenomenon may have an apoptotic character, i.e.., it may be an active process.In our studies, revived herein, we confirmed and extended this view by demonstratijng a gene expression component in the processes of neuronal cell loss in three different experimental models: i. kinate administration, II, high-dose MK-801 treatment, iii.glutamate stimulation of dentate gyrus neurons cultured in vitro.In conclusion we suggest that these data, as well as tha results of a number of other studies offer a hope that there ia a therapeutic window for the treatment of a neurodegenerative diseases, both in respect to time between the insult and cell death, and through possible common mechanisms to be targeted by future therapies.One can even speculate that such therapies might aim at transcription factors, e.g. AP-1 of a specific composition and/or executor hydrolytic enzymes, e.g., cathepsin D.
18

Viral infections in xenotransplantation and their detection strategies

51%
Mazurek U., Janikowska G., Wydmuch Z., Wilczok T.
Biotechnologia
|
2006
|
issue 1
125-132
EN
Utilizing animals as organ donors for humans may cause transmission of foreign species pathogens to the recipient. To minimize the risk of transmission of infectious diseases from animals to humans, the strategy of appropriate animal selection is being assessed. The aim of the selection of specific pathogen-free pigs was the differentiation of active viruses from latent ones in both the recipients and donors in search of the host gene expression profiles which would differentiate the beginning of transplant rejection from an active infection. Additionally, the researchers searched for gene profile expressions indicating the type of infection which would considerably reduce the time of detection, and the cause of disease in the recipient which would offer a better chance of a positive result of the surgery.
19

DNA microarrays in structural and functional genomics

51%
Zmienko A., Handschuh L., Goralski M., Figlerowicz M.
Biotechnologia
|
2008
|
issue 4
39-53
EN
DNA microarrays or DNA chips were introduced in the middle nineties and have developed as a very powerful tool for structural and functional analysis of genomes. With thousands to millions of probes deposited on each microarray, it is now possible to perform various kinds of analysis on the genome-wide scale. The basic use of microarrays is gene expression profiling. For this purpose, both one- and two-color labeling methods are used. More sophisticated DNA microarrays allow for analyzing alternative splicing, DNA-protein interactions, chromatine modifications and many more. Currently, DNA microarrays represent an indispensable tool in biology and medicine.
20

Baculovirus expression of genes encoding the glycoproteins of animal herperviruses

51%
Bienkowska-Szewczyk K., Kochan G., Tyborowska J., Szewczyk B.
Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
|
1996
|
vol. 50
|
issue 5
545-548
EN
Baculovirus system has been used for the expression of genes of herpesvirus glycoproteins. In this system highly glycosylated proteins are obtained. The glycoproteins may find potential use as vaccines and in diagnosis of pseudorabies.
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