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1
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XRD and TEM Heating of Large Period Ni/Al Multilayer Coatings

100%
Świątek Z., Gradys A., Maj Ł., Morgiel J., Marszałek K., Mania R., Szlezynger M.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2016
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vol. 130
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issue 4
880-883
EN
The Ni/Al multilayer coating of λ ≈100 nm was deposited onto (001)-oriented monocrystalline silicon substrate using double target magnetron sputtering system equipped with rotating sample holder. The thicknesses of alternating layers were adjusted in the way to preserve the chemical composition ratio close to 50%Al:50%Ni (at.%). The in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ transmission electron microscopy heating experiments were carried out at relatively low heating rates (20°C/min) in order to study the phase transformation sequence. The investigations revealed that the reaction between Ni and Al multilayers starts at ≈200°C with precipitation of Al₃Ni phase, while above 300°C dominates precipitation of Ni₃Al and NiAl intermetallic phases. Both the X-ray and electron diffractions acquired at 450°C confirmed presence of the Ni₃Al and NiAl intermetallics, but the former pointed at still lasting traces of Ni(Al) solid solution.
2
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Content available

Néel's Magnetostatic Coupling in Sputtered Cu/Py/V/Py/MnIr/Cu Multilayers

100%
Urbaniak M., Brückl H., Stobiecki F., Luciński T., Reiss G.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2004
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vol. 105
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issue 3
307-313
EN
The correlation between magnetostatic or Néel's coupling and roughness of interfaces in sputtered Cu/Py/V/Py/MnIr/Cu multilayers was investigated with the help of atomic force microscopy and magnetometry. It is shown that the coupling strongly depends on the roughness of seed Cu layer which in turn depends on sputtering power. Roughness levels off after deposition of consecutive layers to about 0.2 nm rms.
3
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Direct Laser Interference Patterning: Theory and Application

100%
Zabila Y., Perzanowski M., Dobrowolska A., Kąc M., Polit A., Marszałek M.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2009
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vol. 115
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issue 2
591-593
EN
We simulated and experimentally investigated the formation of periodic structures generated by multibeam interference patterning. The simulations at the different setup geometry show that resulting interference pattern is quasi-periodical. The calculated patterns show that the symmetries of the interference maxima depend mostly on the angles of incidence and that a wide variety of patterns can be obtained. Because of the difficulty in aligning four beams sufficiently well to avoid secondary periodicities, for testing we used a three-beam interference configuration. Atomic force microscopy images showed good correspondence between the experimental and simulated interference image, with flat islands which correspond to the destructive interference and narrow channels which correspond to the constructive interference fringes.
4
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Thermoelectric Effects in Spin Valves Based on Layered Magnetic Structures

80%
Kunert H., Barnaś J.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2017
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vol. 132
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issue 1
124-128
EN
General aspects of thermoelectric effects in spin valves consisting of two magnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic spacing layer are considered, with the main focus on the spin Seebeck effects. The Seebeck and spin Seebeck effects are considered in both current-in-plane and current-perpendicular-to-plane geometries. The corresponding thermopower and spin thermopower in the macroscopic limit of electronic transport are also considered. Physical origin of the spin effects is discussed in detail.
5
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Structure and Stress in Au/Cu Two-Layer System during Annealing at Different Temperature

80%
Chocyk D.
Acta Physica Polonica A
|
2016
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vol. 130
|
issue 4
1118-1120
EN
In this work, the Au/Cu two-layer systems, with the total thickness equal to 30 nm are studied. The two-layer systems were deposited by thermal evaporation in a UHV system on the silicon substrate at room temperature. After deposition the samples were annealed. We examined samples subjected to thermal cycle with the different maximum temperature. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectometry are performed for systems before and after annealing. It was found that during the cycle of annealing above 150°C starts process of penetration of the Au layer by Cu atoms results in alloying. In Au/Cu systems, the final layer is the ordered Au/Cu₃ phase.
6
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The Behaviour of Surfactants during the Growth of Co/Cu Multilayers

80%
Polit A., Kąc M., Krupiński M., Samul B., Zabila Y., MarszaŁek M.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2007
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vol. 112
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issue 6
1281-1287
EN
The [Co(1 nm)/Cu(2 nm)]_N multilayers with different numbers of bilayer repetitions (N=3 and 10) were thermally evaporated on Si(100) substrates with a small amount of Bi or Pb deposited only on the first and on the second Cu layer. The chemical composition of the surface after each step of the preparation process was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy. The evolution of the Auger peaks showed the segregation of Bi and Pb surfactants. During the evaporation of the subsequent Co and Cu layers, gradual decrease in the surfactant amount on the surface was observed. No appearance of Co peak on the Cu layer, and Cu peak on the Co layer even for a coverage of a few å indicates the layer continuity. The interface roughness of the surfactant-mediated Co/Cu layers analyzed by X-ray reflectometry (when surfactant was deposited twice) was similar to the pure Co/Cu samples. However, more repetitions of surfactant, by reduction of interface roughness, improve the layer quality.
7
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Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Schiff Base

80%
Mihai S.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2013
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vol. 123
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issue 2
254-255
EN
The Schiff base is used for the first time in the preparation of gold nanoparticles by the interaction of tris (triphenylphosphinegold)oxonium tetrafloroborate in acetonitrile medium. The gold nanostructures were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy allowed the examination of the morphology of the gold nanostructured film obtained by chemical deposition retains properties of individual particles and remain separated without undergoing aggregation.
8
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XAFS Studies of the Behaviour of Bi in Co/Cu Multilayers

80%
Krupiński M., Kąc M., Polit A., Zabila Y., Zając D., Marszałek M., Kapusta C., Dobrowolska A.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2009
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vol. 115
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issue 2
565-567
EN
The atomic environment of Bi atoms in the Co/Cu multilayered system was studied with X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Experiments were carried out on a Co(1 nm)/Cu(2 nm) system with 5 and 10 repetitions of Co/Cu evaporated with very low deposition rate in ultrahigh vacuum. A very small amount of Bi (0.06 nm) was deposited on each Cu film in the system. The X-ray absorption fine structure spectra were measured at the BiL_3 edge in the X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure ranges at the Beamline X1 of HASYLAB/DESY synchrotron laboratory in Hamburg. The experimental data showed different local neighbourhood of Bi, depending on the number of Co/Cu bilayer repetitions. The results are discussed in terms of the location and segregation of the Bi atoms as well as its possible oxidation ways.
9
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AES Studies of Saturation in Surfactant Segregation Process in Co/Cu Multilayers

80%
Krupiński M., Dobrowolska A., Kąc M., Polit A., Zabila Y., Marszałek M.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2010
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vol. 117
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issue 2
420-422
EN
The chemical composition of successive layers in a Co/Cu multilayered system was studied during growth with Auger electron spectroscopy. Experiments were carried out on a sample with 10 repetitions of Co(1 nm)/Cu(2 nm) evaporated at a very low deposition rate in ultrahigh vacuum. A very small amount of Bi or Pb (0.06 nm) was deposited on each Cu film in the system. The experimental data have shown that the concentration of Bi and Pb increases with the number of deposited trilayers up to coverage corresponding to 5 trilayers. At that point the concentration of the surfactant saturated. The changes in the surfactant concentrations are described with a simple model depicting the interaction of the surfactant atoms with the system and how the evolution of the segregation processes. It allows the prediction of the saturation concentration and helps to explain the behaviour of various elements used as a surfactant. The comparison between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results is also discussed.
10
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Electromagnetic Waves Absorption by Graphene-Magnetic Semiconductor Multilayered Nanostructure in External Magnetic Field: Voight Geometry

70%
Kuzmin D., Bychkov I., Shavrov V.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2015
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vol. 127
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issue 2
528-530
EN
Absorption of electromagnetic waves by graphene-magnetic semiconductor multilayered structure has been investigated for the Voight geometry with taking into account the dissipation processes. The possibility of control of electrodynamic properties of the structure by an external magnetic field, changing in number of periods of the structure, chemical potential of the graphene layers and temperature has been shown. Electrodynamics of the structure is also sensitive to polarization of the incident wave. The structure shows to be especially controllable at terahertz frequencies.
11
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LT-InGaAs Layer Grown for Near Surface SESAM Application

70%
Jasik A., Muszalski J., Kosmala M., Pierściński K.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2009
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vol. 116
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issue S
S-56-S-59
EN
We have developed a mode-locked diode-pumped Yb:KYW laser generating nearly band-width limited pulses as short as 101 fs using semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). With the nonsaturable losses of 1.94% and the modulation depth of 1.48% the self-starting and stable mode-locking was observed. The nonsaturable losses are mainly related to As_{Ga}^{0}-CB transitions in InGaAs QW absorbing layer and low temperature defects. Low temperature defects are eliminated by using higher growth temperature and lower ratio of group V to group III beam equivalent pressure than typically used. The InGaAs layer was grown by molecular beam epitaxy at the temperature as high as 420°C, under the V/III ratio as low as 10. No annealing was performed.
12
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Content available

Structural Properties of Co and CoFe Electrodes Forming a Magnetic Tunnel Junction

70%
Gładczuk L., Pankowski P., Paszkowicz W., Dłużewski P., Wójcik M., Przysłupski P.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2007
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vol. 111
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issue 1
135-140
EN
The M_1/MgO/M_2 trilayer tunnel magnetoresistance systems are studied by means of X-ray diffraction, NMR, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. As M_1 and M_2 electrodes we used Co, Fe, and CoFe layers. The growth mechanism and structural quality of both electrodes and of the epitaxial MgO barrier forming the magnetic tunnel junctions are experimentally examined. It is shown that the crystallographic coherence of magnetic tunnel junctions across the MgO barrier is significantly disturbed by imperfect crystal structure of magnetic electrodes. The NMR results indicate a difference in short-range order between bottom and top electrodes.
13
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Layer and Interface Structure of CoFe/Ru Multilayers

61%
Pym A., Lamperti A., Cardoso S., Freitas P., Tanner B.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2007
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vol. 112
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issue 6
1243-1248
EN
Grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements have been performed to probe the structure of CoFe/Ru layers and their interfaces. It was found that the interface width increased approximately linearly with the layer number from the substrate in a multilayer and that a substantial asymmetry existed between the width of CoFe/Ru and Ru/CoFe interfaces. By co-minimizing both the specular and diffuse scatter with that simulated from a model structure, the topological roughness amplitude was determined to be comparable to the intermixing interface width.
14
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Growth Morphology of Ultrathin Pb Layers on Ni(001)

61%
Krupski K., Kobiela T., Krupski A.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2014
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vol. 125
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issue 5
1159-1162
EN
The atomic structure and morphology of ultrathin Pb layers deposited on the Ni(001) face in ultrahigh vacuum at the substrate temperature, ranging from 145 K to 900 K, were investigated with the use of the Auger electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. The analysis of the Auger electron spectroscopy measurements indicates that the Volmer-Weber growth of the Pb takes place for substrate temperature T < 300 K. Between 300 and 600 K, the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode is observed. For 600 K ≤ T ≤ 700 K, only first two-dimensional Pb layer formation is found. Above 700 K desorption of lead atoms from the first layer is observed. The ordered low-energy electron diffraction patterns corresponding to p(1×1) and c(2×2) structures are observed.
15
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Microstructure Development in Multilayer TiB_x/TiSi_yC_z Coatings during Post-Deposition Heat Treatment

51%
Twardowska A., Rajchel B., Morgiel J., Mędala-Wójcik M.
Acta Physica Polonica A
|
2016
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vol. 130
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issue 4
1124-1126
EN
Multilayer amorphous TiB_{x}/TiSi_{y}C_{z} coatings were formed by duplex treatment: dual beam ion beam assisted deposition and pulsed laser deposition. Post-deposition heating was applied to activate crystallization in the coating. In situ transmission electron microscopy heating experiments were conducted in the temperature range 20-600°C. Crystallization of TiB₂ phase in TiB_{x} layers begun at 450°C, while TiSi_{y}C_{z} layers retained nearly amorphous up to 600°C.
16
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Structural and Magnetic Properties of MBE Grown (Fe/Pt) (111) Multilayers

51%
Marynowska A., Dynowska E., Lewińska S., Seki T., Takanashi K., Kanak J., Pietruczik A., Aleszkiewicz P., Wawro A., Ślawska-Waniewska A., Baczewski L.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2016
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vol. 130
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issue 6
1363-1370
EN
Series of Al₂O₃(0001)/Pt/(Fe/Pt)ₙ/Pt multilayers with variable number of bilayers n and thicknesses of individual layers were grown using molecular beam epitaxy to investigate influence of buffer layer structure, number of bilayers, and individual layer thickness on their structural and magnetic properties. Both columnar and monocrystalline 10 nm Pt (111) buffer layers were used in the experiment. Structure of Pt buffer layer determined the roughness of Fe/Pt interfaces and consequently magnetic properties of the multilayers. When multilayers were deposited on columnar Pt buffer layer, we observed increase of Fe/Pt interfaces roughness with increasing number of bilayers to values exceeding the nominal Fe/Pt bilayer thickness in the upper part of the sample volume, which resulted in the increment of coercivity in the sample with n=15 determined from hysteresis loops measured for perpendicular orientation of magnetic field. When Fe/Pt multilayers were deposited on monocrystalline Pt buffer layer, Fe/Pt interfaces were smooth regardless the number of bilayers. All samples, despite of the quality of buffer layer, number of bilayers, and individual layer thickness revealed easy magnetisation axis oriented in the sample plane.
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