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The influence of training loads on the sports results of athletes with visual impairments in the 800 and 1500 m races

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Bednarczuk G., Rutkowska I., Skowroński W.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 4
259-263
EN
Introduction. The increased level in competition and growing interest in sports for the disabled means that the training process of these people is the subject of studies and analysis. The main objective of this study was to identify the structure of the training loads in athletes with visual impairments in the 800 and 1500 m runs, in relation to sports performance. Material and methods. Seven annual trainings cycles of two groups (A, n=8, B, n=5) of athletes with visual impairments (medalists and participants of the Paralympic Games, World Championships, European Championships and multiple Polish masters), engaged in the 800 and 1500 m races, from the years 1998-2000 and 2003-2008 were evaluated. To analyze and evaluate the training loads, based on training logs two methods were used: Method I - based on an analysis of training documentation developed in the Department of Theory of Sport at the University of Physical Education in Warsaw. Method II - based on an assessment of the energy cost incurred for the implementation of training. Results. The analysis showed significant differences in the training process of the athletes of the two groups. The training of athletes from group A, was carried out mainly with the directed training method (61% of total load - TL) with low intensity - range 1 on a 5 point scale (74% TL), while group B - with special training method (76% TL) in second (2) range of intensity (71% TL). Conclusions. Training carried out by athletes from group B better reflects the specifications of middle distance runs, in comparison with group A, which could lead to a higher level of performance presented by the athletes of group B.
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Competitive Performance, Training Load and Physiological Responses During Tapering in Young Swimmers

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Toubekis A. G., Drosou E., Gourgoulis V., Thomaidis S., Douda H., Tokmakidis S. P.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 38
125-134
EN
The study examined the changes of training load and physiological parameters in relation to competitive performance during a period leading to a national championship. The training content of twelve swimmers (age: 14.2±1.3 yrs) was recorded four weeks before the national championship (two weeks of normal training and two weeks of the taper). The training load was calculated: i) by the swimmer’s session-RPE score (RPE-Load), ii) by the training intensity levels adjusted after a 7x200-m progressively increasing intensity test (LA-Load). Swimmers completed a 400- m submaximal intensity test, a 15 s tethered swimming and hand-grip strength measurements 34-35 (baseline: Test 1), 20-21 (before taper: Test 2) and 6-7 (Test 3) days before the national championship. Performance during the national championship was not significantly changed compared to season best (0.1±1.6%; 95% confidence limits: -0.9, 1.1%; Effect Size: 0.02, p=0.72) and compared to performance before the start of the two-week taper period (0.9±1.7%; 95% confidence limits: 0.3, 2.1%; Effect size: 0.12, p=0.09). No significant changes were observed in all measured physiological and performance related variables between Test 1, Test 2, and Test 3. Changes in RPE-Load (week-4 vs. week-1) were correlated with changes in performance (r=0.63, p=0.03) and the RPE-Load was correlated with the LALoad (r=0.80, p=0.01). The estimation of the session-RPE training load may be helpful for taper planning of young swimmers. Increasing the difference between the normal and last week of taper training load may facilitate performance improvements.
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Rating training load of disabled swimmers in general preparation sub-period

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Bolach B., Seidel W., Mrozkowiak M.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2020
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vol. 31
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issue 3
87-93
EN
The aim of the work was to assess the training loads of disabled swimmers in the comprehensive preparation subperiod. The research was carried out on 12 swimmers of the WZSN “START” Wrocław swimming club section. All swimmers started in the “S” start group. The average age of swimmers was 24 years and the average training time was 8 years. The pulse rates were analyzed 6 times during the training, just before the training, in the 10th minute of the warm-up, in the 45th minute at the peak of the training, in the 80th minute, in the 90th minute immediately after the training, and in the 105th minute after the rest. A Polar 810i Sport-tester was used to evaluate the heart rate. Statistical analysis was used. For all the swimmers the average heart rate values after 15 minutes of rest did not return to resting heart rate values. In addition, the swimmer’s fatigue was assessed using the Borg scale. The training load was moderate, and on the Borg scale, the swimmers assessed their fatigue as very heavy.
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Individualization of Physical Loads and Speed Abilities of Young Soccer Players in a Six-Month Training Macrocycle

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Andrzejewski M., Chmura J., Strzelczyk R., Konarski J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2009
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vol. 22
35-41
EN
The aim of this paper was to address the issue of individualized training loads and its influence on speed development among speed-type and endurance-type players during a six-month training macrocycle.The research was conducted in a group of 36 young male soccer players from for two sport clubs: Lech Poznań and Warta Poznań. The stages of the study undertaken resulted from the time structure of sport training and were carried out during a six-month macrocycle. The players of Lech Poznań took part in a test which involved applying three series' (six repetitions each) of speed-type exercises, with regard to the player's motor type in each of the three training units comprising the weekly macrocycle. During each stage of data collection, the players were subjected to a stress test for stretches of 10, 20 and 30 m.The study has shown a significant impact of individualization of training loads on development of speed abilities in the examined players. An increase of speed during the tests of 10 and 20 m was noted in both speed and endurance-type players. This was probably an effect of adapting individual training loads to motor predispositions of the players during the six months of the experiment. It can be also assumed that the increase in speed among the subjects is a result of rising phosphagen potential and enzymatic activity (especially creatine kinase), as well as improved motor units recruitment.
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