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We compared HLA antigen expression on new B-lymphoblastoid cell line (B-LCL) HAJ with that on B-LCLs expressing normal HLA levels as well as on B-LCLs derived from bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) patients and in vitro mutated B-LCLs of BLS-like phenotype. HAJ cells had no expression of HLA class II and low expression of class I antigens similarly to some of BLS B-LCLs, although HAJ cell line was derived from lymphocytes of HLA class I- and class II-normally expressing donor. HAJ cells displayed B lymphocyte markers, surface immunoglobulin and CD19. Culture of HAJ cells in the presence of interferon gamma resulted in HLA class I antigen upregulation, but did not restore class II expression. The cell line HAJ may prove useful for studies on factors influencing HLA class I cell surface expression.
EN
Lysostaphin is a zinc metalloproteinase extracted from Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus that degrades the cell wall of almost all known staphylococcal species. The target of the lysostaphin activity is the pentaglycine interpeptide bridges of the unique staphylococcal peptidoglycan, where the enzyme cleaves the Gly-Gly bond and lyses cells in all metabolic states (growing, resting, or heat killed). The specificity of the pentaglycine peptide is very high and other gram-positive and gram?negative bacteria are not susceptible to this enzyme. The unique biological activity of lysostaphin presents numerous possibilities for applications of this enzyme in the medical, veterinary, food industry and research fields. Lysostaphin is frequently used as a staphylolytic agent for the liberation of intracellular enzymes, nucleic acids, and cell membrane and surface components. Lysostaphin was tested as a chemotherapeutic agent. Lysostaphin application was also shown to be effective in reducing the nasal carriage of S. aureus in humans. There are also examples for application of this enzyme in food protection.
EN
Low temperature, drought and high salinity are common stress conditions that lead to similar plant cell responses. Although, in this paper, we focus on cold stress, it has to be underlined that most of the response mechanisms triggered by cold are not restricted only to this abiotic factor. We describe molecular level of plant acclimation to low temperature, including up- and down regulated genes as well as signal transduction pathway. The gene mutations that affect the ability of a plant to acclimate, as well as the methods allowing to identify genes involved in response to cold stress, are presented in this review.
EN
Recent evidence indicates an important role of inflammation pathways, airways remodeling and epithelium activation in asthma genetics. In particular, transcriptome studies have detected differentially expressed genes involved in eosinophil apoptosis, the arginase pathway, response to allergens or interleukins, and to inhaled corticosteroids. Candidate gene and genome wide studies have localized genetic regions involved in the disease, such as the A1AR and CLCA1 genes (chromosome 1), IL-1RN and DPP10 (2q14), HLA-G and TNF- (6p21), GPRA (7p14), FcRI and GSTP1 (11q13), NOS1, IFNG, STAT6, VDR, and other genes (12q13-26), PHF11 and flanking genes (13q14), AACT and PTGDR (14q), and ADAM33 (20p13). The role of these and other genetic determinants has to be confirmed in future, preferably longitudinal, studies.
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