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1

War gases in the southern Baltic Sea

100%
Korzeniewski K.
Oceanological Studies
|
1994
|
issue 67/10
91-101
EN
This paper presents the results of research on the influence of war gas dumped in the Baltic Sea on people who live and work in this area.The research was based on accessible information and literature.
2

Vegetation along the Polish Coast of the southern Baltic in 1992-95

100%
Plinski M., Kwiatkowska B., Jozwiak T.
Oceanological Studies
|
1996
|
vol. 25
|
issue 4
81-95
EN
The vegetation along the Polish coast was subjected to qualitative analysis. 38 plant taxa were identified: 24 Chlorophyta, 3 Pheophyta, 9 Rhodophyta and 5 Spermatophyta. The seasonal variation in the occurrence of macrophytobenthos in the Gulf of Gdansk was studied. Green algae were most abundant in the summer (May-September), red algae in the autumn (August-November). A significant expansion of Ectocarpaceae species was found to have oc-curred. Ectocarpus siliculosus and Pilayella litoralis, especially the later, are species which have expanded along the whole Polish coast. Enteromorpha species, mainly E. compressa and E. intestinalis, and also Cladophora species, especially C. albida, C. sericea and C. vaga-bunda were common. The changes observed in the vegetation during the last few years show that the increase in trophy is significant because the species diversity has shifted to the domi-nance of one or a few species occurring at very high densities
3

Water cooling, ice formation and some physical properties of sea ice in Puck Lagoon

80%
Urbanski J. A.
Oceanological Studies
|
2001
|
vol. 30
|
issue 1-2
87-98
EN
In Puck Lagoon the net long-wave radiation is the dominant heat flux causing water to cool during winter. Ice formation depends mainly on wind conditions. Since the temperature of Puck Lagoon ice is almost always higher than ?8?C, solid salt crystals are not present in the ice. The mean salinity of the sea ice is 1.57 psu with a maximum of 4.84 psu. The ice porosity ranges from 0.3% to 7.7% and strongly influences the thermal conductivity of the sea ice in Puck Lagoon. Puck Lagoon is situated in the shallow western part of the Gulf of Gdansk and is about 100 km2 in area. The mean depth is 3.5 m and the salinity can approach 8 psu. The total range of the instantaneous water level is about 1 m. Sea ice forms in Puck Lagoon every year. From 1950 to 1990 there was ice cover on an average of 60-80 days (Szefler 1993). Long periods of fast ice (about 70 days) are typical in this area. The mean date of the first ice in the lagoon is 15 December. The thickness of this first ice increases until March, the average maximum thickness being about 30 cm.
4

Vertical zonation of the total, biotic and abiotic oxygen consumption on a Baltic sandy beach

80%
Urban-Malinga B., Opalinski K. W.
|
|
issue 3-4
85-96
EN
The oxygen consumption of a sandy beach on the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic Sea) was determined. The study was carried out in three sediment layers (0-1, 1-6, 6-11cm) at four localities on the beach profile. Total oxygen consumption lay between 0.59 and 4.33 mm3 O2 cm-3 h-1. A significant linear correlation was found between sediment depth and total oxygen consumption in the littoral zone (r = 0.85) and in the splash zone (r = -0.71). The highest biotic oxidation was recorded in the upper sediment layers in the splash zone (0-1 cm: 1.57 mm3 O2 cm-3 h-1) and at the waterline (1-6 cm: 1.87 mm3 O2 cm-3 h-1). Meiofaunal respiration constituted 0.1- 3.0% of the biotic oxygen consumption. Abiotic oxygen consumption ranged between 0.07 and 3.43 mm3 O2 cm-3 h-1 and was the dominant component of total oxidation in deeper layers.
5

Resources and bottom macrofauna structure in Puck Bay in the 1960 and 1990

80%
Zmudzinski L.
Oceanological Studies
|
1997
|
vol. 26
|
issue 1
59-73
EN
Differences between the species composition and total resources of bottom macrofauna in two areas of Puck Bay were analysed in 1962-63 and 1984-85. These areas were the shallow Puck Lagoon, originally overgrown by luxuriant multi-specific submerged meadows which later un-derwent serious degradation, and the outer Puck Bay with its very limited extent of underwater meadows. In the first area the total resources were found to have decreased, whereas in the second the bottom macrofauna had increased. Both regions saw a four-fold increase in polychaete bio-mass, that of Hediste diversicolor in particular. In the outer Puck Bay the mollusc biomass in-creased, especially that of Mytilus trossulus, Macoma balthica, and the crustacean Gammarus sp., Balanus improvisus, and especially Corophium volutator. The biomass of most taxonomic groups decreased, which in the Puck Lagoon is evidence for the degradation of the bottom macroflora.
6

The Slupsk Furrow as a marine protected area in the Baltic

80%
Drzycimski I.
Oceanological Studies
|
2000
|
vol. 29
|
issue 2
33-41
EN
Long-term series of hydrographic and biological data show the Slupsk Furrow to be the only Baltic deep area devoid of H2S, its bottom being inhabited by a number of marine species not found in other Baltic deeps (Bornholm, Gdansk, and Gotland Deeps). For this reason, it is necessary to grant the Slupsk Furrow the status of a marine protected area as a habitat and refuge of species absent in other Baltic Proper deeps.
7

Seasonal changes of itersititial community respiration in a Baltic sandy beach

80%
Urban-Malinga B., Opalinski K. W.
Oceanological Studies
|
2002
|
vol. 31
|
issue 3-4
57-70
EN
Interstitial community respiration in a Baltic sandy beach on the Gulf of Gda?sk was investigated in terms of sediment oxygen consumption over a seasonal cycle. The study was carried out at four locations on the beach slope (littoral, waterline, splashzone and middle beach). Oxygen uptake changes over time were not statistically significant and no correlation was found between sediment respiration and water temperature. It seems that food supply to the sandy beach system is the predominant factor determining the interstitial community metabolism. The lowest values of oxygen consumption (9-33 cm3 O2 m-2 h-1) were noted in the middle beach station; the highest results (up to 212 cm3 O2 m-2 h-1) were related to the littoral site. Organic matter concentration in the sediment ranged between 0.09 and 0.9% dwt.
8

Thermohaline conditions in the Gdansk Basin

80%
Cyberska B., Krzyminski W.
|
|
issue 1-2
17-39
EN
The analysis of thermohaline conditions in the Gdansk Basin in the period 1989-1993 is presented against the background of long-term changes.The assessment is based on daily measurements of temperature and salinity at shore stations (Gdynia, Hel, Wladyslawowo) and the results from observations during monthly research cruises.The most characteristic feature of this period was deep stagnetion from 1979 onwards, with declining tendencies in salinity and density reported in all layers of the water column; the negative trend in water temperature was retarded, however, in January and December 1993 and March 1994 substantial inflows of saline water from the North Sea caused a temporary increase in salinity in the Gdansk Basin, at the same time raising and strengthening the halocine.
9

Sedimentary structure of the storm surge washover fan on the lake Bukowo spit

80%
Rudowski S., Wroblewski W. R., Wroblewski R.
Oceanological Studies
|
2000
|
vol. 29
|
issue 3
101-107
EN
A storm surge washover fan on the Lake Bukowo spit (kilometre 287.3 of the Polish Baltic coast) is described in detail. The in-depth examination of the fan relief and sedimentary facies allowed to identify two subfacies represented by the fan channel and the fan core. The importance of washover fan facies for the structure and development of sandy barriers as well as for shore sediment budget and shore protection is stressed.
10

Background/reference values and environmental quality criteria as applied to the Southern Baltic

80%
Lysiak-Pastuszak E., Drgas N.
Oceanological Studies
|
2002
|
vol. 31
|
issue 1-2
99-106
EN
In view of the fact that the Water Framework Directive of the European Community has come into force, efforts have been undertaken within HELCOM to elaborate environmental quality criteria based on background/reference values. The purpose of the environmental quality criteria is to enable local and regional authorities and others to make accurate assessments of the environmental quality on the basis of the available data on the state of the environment and thus to obtain a better basis for environmental planning and management. The environmental quality of the marine environment is determined in terms of threats to the environment: eutrophication, toxic pollutants - organic compounds, heavy metals and physical disturbance. The parameters used to assess the eutrophication are nutrients and Secchi depth. Metals and toxic organic pollutants are assessed in sediment and organisms. A clear definition of the term ?background concentrations? is being formulated. In this communique, a short review of the Polish historical data, which may serve as background values for nutrients, is presented together with a brief description of the current environmental disturbances.
11

Toxic metals in bottom sediments and ferromanganese concretions of the Southern Baltic Sea

80%
Szefer P.
Oceanological Studies
|
2000
|
vol. 29
|
issue 1
31-55
EN
Horizontal and vertical distributions of micro- and macroelements in sediment from the Southern Baltic (including the Vistula Lagoon) are discussed. Variations of concentrations of trace metals and rare earth elements (REE) in ferromanganese concretions sampled from S?upsk Furrow in the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone are characterized. The lack of positive cerium anomalies in the concretions from S?upsk Furrow indicates that they were formed under less oxidizing conditions than spheroidal concretions from the Gulf of Bothnia. M?ssbauer studies indicate that poorly crystalline lepidocrosite is the principal iron oxyhydroxide mineral present in these concretions. It is concluded that Ag, Cd, Pb, Zn and possibly Cu are anthropogenic in origin. The concentrations of these elements decrease sharply with depth in the sediment column and the elements are preferentially enriched in the < 2 ?m size fraction of the sediment. The anthropogenic elements show no systematic decrease in concentration with depth in a sediment core collected near the mouth of the Vistula River. This reflects the higher sedimentation rate there such that the entire upper 20 cm of the core was deposited during the major, post-war period of industrialization in Poland. It is suggested that the heavy metals are mainly adsorbed on Fe oxyhydroxide particles with diameters greater than 2 ?m at the hydrological front where the Vistula River waters mix with brackish Baltic waters. It appears that heavy-metal pollution of sediments in some parts of Puck Bay may be greater than that near the mouth of the Vistula River which may reflect, in part, the higher sedimentation rate near the mouth of the Vistula River. The mode of incorporation of heavy metals into the sediments in the two areas may also be different. It is speculated that Cu, Zn and Ag have been introduced recently into the sediments of the Gulf of Gda?sk principally from the Vistula River, whereas Cd and Pb have been transported, in part, from the atmosphere. Cd like Pb is a volatile element easily subjected to atmospheric transport. The dual source of Cd and Pb (atmospheric and riverine) reaching the Gulf of Gda?sk may explain the complex interelement relationships displayed by these elements in the sediments of this region. Ag, on the other hand, is introduced into the marine environment mainly with sewage sludge.
12

The relationship between Secchi depth

80%
Matciak M., Renk H.
Oceanological Studies
|
1997
|
vol. 26
|
issue 2-3
31-37
EN
Seawater transparency estimated by means of the Secchi disc depth depends on all optically active water constituents, among them the chlorophyll a concentration. This parameter is very important for primary production studies, and it might be very useful to investigate its relationship to the water transparency measured in such an easy way. Long-term observations of the chlorophyll a concentration and the associated Secchi disc depth from three stations in the southern Baltic are presented. The data were collected during almost twenty five years (1971-1995). The correlation between these parameters and the influence of chlorophyll a concentrations on the Secchi disc depth are examined.
13

A seasonal pattern of occurence of gobiid fish- (Gobiidae) in the shallow littoral zone (0-1m depth) of Puck Bay

80%
Horackiewicz J., Skora K. E.
Oceanological Studies
|
1998
|
vol. 27
|
issue 3
3-17
EN
In the years 1993-1995, investigations of the variability in occurrence of gobiids in the shallowest part of Puck Bay (0-1 m depth) were conducted. Three species of gobiids, Pomatoschistus minutus, Pomatoschistus microps and Neogobius melanostomus were identified. Abundance, biomass and species distribution varied with time and sampling location. P. microps was a dominant species all year round and accounted for over 80% of all fish caught. An apparent preference of P. microps for inhabiting the internal part of Puck Bay was observed while P. minutus was found more frequently in the external part of Bay. In the coastal zone, fish from genus Pomatoschistus showed seasonality of occurrence with the abundance peak in the fall.
14

Free fatty acids concentration in the Baltic Sea surface waters

80%
Pazdro K.
Oceanological Studies
|
1996
|
vol. 25
|
issue 3
25-38
EN
Free fatty acids concentrations and composition in dissolved and particulate fraction of the Baltic Sea surface waters (The Gulf of Gda?sk, the Gda?sk Deep and the Gotland Deep) and the Vistula waters were determined by means of fatty acids coumaryl esters HPLC analysis. Total concentrations of dissolved fatty acids were stated between 0.14 and 13 mg ?dm-3, whereas of particulate fatty acids between 16 and 50 mg ? dm-3. The concentrations depended strongly on the time and location of sampling. Palmitic acid was the dominant one in all inves-tigated samples. It was revealed that the total concentration as well as the percentage composi-tion of individual acids (especially polyunsaturated acids) in surface waters were related to the intensity of biological processes of the investigated area. The autochthonous phytoplankton blooms were the main source of fatty acids in the Baltic Sea surface waters.
15

The transport of material by the rivers of the northern slope of the Pomeranian Lake Land to the Baltic Sea

80%
Szymczak E.
Oceanological Studies
|
2002
|
vol. 31
|
issue 3-4
85-97
EN
The article presents the results of research on the transport of sediment carried by the rivers of the northern slope of the Pomeranian Lake Land to the Baltic Sea in the years 1961-1980. The research includes rivers flowing into the open sea: Rega, Parseta, Wieprza, Slupia, Lupawa and Leba. The total surface of the basins of the rivers in question amounts to 13825.1 km2. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the data concerning the turbidity and flow of the rivers included in hydrological year-books. The size of the transport of the sediment for respective rivers has been counted and the transport of the wash load was analysed with respect to changing conditions of the streamflow and to physical-geographical features of the basin. The transport of the sediment carried to the sea was estimated (46000 tons) and the participation of the rivers of the northern slope of the Pomeranian Lake Land in the total transport of the river wash load from the catchment area of the Baltic Sea has been estimated (0.63%).
16

Occurence and significance of Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae) reasting spores in the Holocene sediments of the Baltic Sea

80%
Stachura-Suchoples K., Zgrundo A., Witkowski A.
Oceanological Studies
|
1998
|
vol. 27
|
issue 2
87-92
EN
The material studied originated from the marine Holocene sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk and from Kiel Bay. During the diatom analysis, the interest was focused on the dominance of Chaetoceros resting spores. An abundant occurrence of such resting spores was interpreted in terms of changes of environmental conditions in the study areas. In the fossil sediments, it indicated the inflow of the oceanic waters which caused the salinity increase and the natural rise in the nutrient content, whereas in the subfossil sediments, it marked the increasing human impact.
17

Modelling the material uptake and deposition of the Mytilus edulis in the Baltic coastal ecosystem

80%
Zemlys P., Daunys D., Razinkovas A.
|
|
issue 2
53-80
EN
A model was developed to describe the material uptake and biodeposition of bivalve Mytilus edulis. The existing blue mussel organism level models are based on contradictory assumptions and no agreement has still been found regarding the processes and environmental factors to be included into the model. A reconciliation of contradictory approaches was successfully done in the present model. Using seston concentration, seston organic content and mussel size as input data, the model is able to predict the uptake of suspended material, selection of organic particles and material allocation as pseudofaeces, ingested, assimilated fractions and faeces. The results of the model application to mussels in the south-eastern Baltic conditions are discussed.
18

Total mercury content in fish from the Gulf of Gdansk

80%
Falandysz J., Piotrowska M., Wlodarczyk J., Chwir A., Marcinowicz^A., Marcinowicz A.
Oceanological Studies
|
1994
|
issue 67/10
59-64
EN
Concentratin of total mercury was determined in muscle tissue of cod Gadus morhua, herring Clupea harengus, eel Anguilla anguilla, calpout Zoarces viviparus, perch Perca fluvitalis, pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca, sand eel Hyperoplus lanceolatus, round goby Negobius melanostomus, brown trout Salmo trutta, trout Salmo gairdneri, flounder Platychtis flesus, turbot Psetta mazima, smelt Osmerus eperlanus and sculpin Cottus scorpius caught in the Gulf of Gdansk in 1986-1993.The measurements of mercury concentrations were performed by the method of cold vapour atomic absorption spectrmetry (CV-AAS), after wet digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acid.The highest mean concentration of mercury was found in eelpout, the lowest one in pikeperch.The possitive linear correlations has been found between the body length and mercury concentration in perch, eelpout, sand launce and flounder.
19

Wind-induced variability of hydrological parameters in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea - a numerical study

80%
Jankowski A.
Oceanological Studies
|
2000
|
vol. 29
|
issue 3
5-34
EN
Abstract The wind-produced variability of temperature, salinity and velocity in the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea have been investigated with the help of a three-dimensional F-coordinate baroclinic model. The model was based on the Princeton Ocean Model code of Mellor (1993), known as POM. The main intention of this study was to reproduce the variability of the hydrological conditions as the response of stratified seawaters to the model atmospheric forcing of three successive storms. Winds of constant speed from eight directions over the Baltic during each storm were considered. The presentation of results is limited to the area along the Polish coasts of the Baltic Sea, where the complicated bottom topography exerts a crucial influence on water movements. The numerical model runs show that winds can play an important role in the water exchange between the coastal region and the open sea, generating intense fluctuations of hydrological parameters. When winds are from the SE, E and NE, coastal upwelling is frequent along the Polish Baltic coast (Bychkova and Victorov 1987, Bychkova et al. 1988, Urbanski 1993). The results calculated with the use of the POM code are in agreement with the results obtained using the z-level model (Krauss and Br?gge 1991) and from studies in the Great Lakes and in other upwelling areas (Bennet 1974, Krauss 1979, Fennel 1986).
20

Chemical warfare agents dumped in the Baltic sea

80%
Korzeniewski K.
Oceanological Studies
|
1999
|
vol. 28
|
issue 1-2
83
EN
The article reviews of the state of investigations concerning the threat of chemical warfare agents (CWA) dumped in the Baltic Sea to the health of people making use of the sea. The paper presents the types and quantities of chemical munitions dumped in the Polish sector of the Baltic Sea, the location of dumping sites and localities where accidental injuries to people have taken place. The results of the HELCOM ad hoc Working Group on Dumped War Gas and Ammunition in the Polish Economic Zone are also reviewed. The approximate condition of the dumped CWA and their status on the sea floor are discussed. The Polish studies on the deactivation of CWA are summarised.
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