A review on the effects of fumes from tricycles (keke) on health and environment, Nigeria

• Authors: Ruth Oghenerukevwe Eyankware Ulakpa , Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

A literature analysis was conducted to assess the effects of tricycles and health information in the Nigerian environment, with the goal of studying their impact on human health and the environment. According to the reviewed literature, road users are constantly exposed to tricycle emissions and other environmental pollutants, which may be hazardous to health and cause climate change due to air pollution consequences, as described by a few academics. CO, N2O, SO2, CH4, H2S, PM, S2O, Pb, and VOCs were found to be above NAAQS and FMEnv, indicating that the ambient air around Nigerian towns and cities was polluted. The accumulation of pollutants in the air, on people (road users), and in the immediate environment creates major health and environmental dangers. If not carefully monitored, the occurrence of these contaminants in humans and the environment may tend to increase in the coming years, having a harmful influence on man and the ecosystem as a whole. As severe as it gets human and climatic changes have unavoidable health consequences. As a result, regular re-evaluation of tricycle emissions and their influence on human health and the environment is essential.

Keywords

EN

Effects of fumes; Environment; Human health Pollutants; Nigeria; Tricycles

Discipline

• ENVIRONMENT_&_ECOLOGY: ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY

• Publisher: Scientific Publishing House „DARWIN”
• Journal: World News of Natural Sciences
• Year: 2022
• Volume: 40
• Pages: 49-64

Contributors

author

Ruth Oghenerukevwe Eyankware Ulakpa

• Department of Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Nigeria

author

Wisdom Chukwuemeke Ulakpa

• Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

References

• [1] Hubacek K, Guan D, Barua A. Changing lifestyles and consumption patterns in developing countries: a scenario analysis forChina and India. Futures, 2007, 39: 1084-1096
• [2] Wei YM, Liu LC, Fan Y, Wu G. 2007. The impact of lifestyle on energy use and CO2 emission: an empirical analysis of China’s residents. Energy Policy, 2007, 35, 247-257
• [3] Akpan U. Impact of regional road infrastructure improvement on intra-regional trade in ECOWAS. Afr. Dev. Rev. 2014, 26 (S1): 64-76
• [4] Singh SK. Future mobility in India: implications for energy demand and CO2 emission. Transp. Policy 2006, 13: 398-412
• [5] IEA. Enabling low-carbon end-use. Retrieved September 13, 2014, from InternationalEnergy Agency: 2012, http://www.iea.org/media/etp/FactsheetETP2012EndUseSector.pdf
• [6] Khan MY, Tian F. 2018. Understanding the potential sources and environmental impacts of dissolved and suspended organic carbon in the diversified RamgangaRiver, Ganges Basin, India. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 2018, 379: 61-66. doi:10.5194/piahs-379-61-2018
• [7] United Nations. Population Newsletter.Department of Economic and Social Affairs/ Population Division, 2006. www.unpopulation.org
• [8] Aluko A. The impact of urbanization on housing development: The lagos experience, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 2010, 3(3): 64–74
• [9] Eyankware MO, Eyankware RO, Okoeguale B.O, Eyankware EO. The Impact of Increase in Urbanization on Major Cities in Nigeria.A Case Study of Enugu State (Enugu Urban), Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Innovational and Scientific Research, 2015, 14 (1): 32-38
• [10] Grieshop AP, Boland D, Reynolds CCO, Gouge B, Apte JS, Rogak SN, Kandlikar M. 2012. Modelling air pollutant emissions from Indian auto-rickshaws, model development and implications for fleet emission rate estimates. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 50: 148-156
• [11] Rajkumar. 1999. Effect of air pollution on Respiratory system of auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi.
• [12] Onursal B, Gautam SP. Vehicle air pollution: Experiences from seven Latin American urban centre. Technical paper, 373.1997, Washington DC: World Bank.
• [13] Ojolo SJ, Oke SA, Dinrifo RR, Eboda FY. 2007. A survey on the effects of vehicle emissionson human health in Nigeria. Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health, 2007, (6): 16-23
• [14] Sydbom A, Blomberg A, Pamia S, Stenfors N, Sandstrom T, Dahlen SE. Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust Emissions. European Respiratory Journal, 2001, 7(4): 733-746.
• [15] Brunekreef B. Out of American commentary occupation. Environmental Medicine, 2005, 62: 351-352
• [16] Savile SB. Automotive options and quality management in developing countries. Indian Journal of Environmental Health 1993, 16: 20-32
• [17] Han X, Naeher LP. A review of traffic-related air pollution exposure assessment studies in the developing world. Environment International, 2006, 32: 106-120
• [18] C. E. Ekpenyong, E. O. Ettebong, E. E. Akpan, T. K. Samson and N. E. Daniel. Urban City Transportation Mode and Respiratory Health Effect of Air Pollution: A Cross-Sectional Study among Transit and Non-Transit Workers in Nigeria. BMJ Open, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2012. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001253
• [19] Abam FI, Unachukwu GO. Vehicular Emissions and Air Quality Standards in Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 2009, 34(4): 550-560
• [20] Njoku K, Rumide TJ, Akinola MO, Adesuyi AA, Jolaoso AO. Ambient air quality monitoring in metropolitan city of Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2016, 20(1): 178-185
• [21] Chizoruo IF, Iheanyichukwu OA, Chukwuemeka NP, Ikechukwu AJ. Ambient Air Quality Assessment of Orlu, Southeastern, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences 2017, 17(9): 441-457
• [22] Scheepers PT, Bos RP. (1992). Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. I. Origin of incomplete combustion products. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1992, 64 (3): 149-161
• [23] Kampa M, Castanas E. Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution, 2007, 2151(2): 362-367. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.012.
• [24] Afroz AB, Manujushree S, Amrutha SI. A Comparative Study among the Three Wheeler Automobile Drivers on Pulmonary Function Tests in Adult Males of Gulbarga City. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences 2012; 2(1): 35-39
• [25] Dooyema CA. Outbreak of fatal childhood lead poisoning related to artisanal gold mining in Northwestern Nigeria, 2010. Environ. Health Perspect 2012, 120 (4): 601-607
• [26] Oghenegare EE, Eyankware MO, Ulkapa ROE. Advances in carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS): State of the Art. Inwascon Technology Magazine, 2020, (2): 26-37
• [27] Acaps, NIGERIA Floods, 2018.
• [28] Bissadu KD, Koglo YS, Johnson DB, Akpoti K. Coarse scale remote sensing and GIS evaluation of rainfall and anthropogenic land use changes on soil erosion inNasarawa State, Nigeria, West Africa. J. Geosci. Geomat. 2017 5 (6): 259-266
• [29] Idowu AP, Adagunodo ER, Esimai OA, Idowu PA. Development of a web based environmental health tracking system for Nigeria. Int. J. Inf. Technol.Comput. Sci. 2012, 4 (7): 61-71
• [30] Okafor GC, Ogbu KN. Assessment of the impact of climate change on thefreshwater availability of Kaduna River basin, Nigeria. J. Water Land Dev. 2018, 38 (1): 105-114
• [31] Idowu OO.Challenges of urbanization and urban growth in Nigeria. Am. J.Sustain. Cities Soc. 2013, 1 (2): 79-95
• [32] IHME, Nigeria, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2020. http://www.healthdata.org/nigeria.accessed Mar. 04, 2020.
• [33] Ezebilo EE, Animasaun ED. Public-private sector partnership in householdwaste management as perceived by residents in southwest Nigeria. Waste Manag. Res. 2012, 30 (8): 781-788
• [34] Ugbebor JN, LongJohn IP. Impact of Vehicular Traffic on Ambient Air Quality in Selected Junctions in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Science World Journal 2018, 13(4): 39-43
• [35] Ulakpa WC, Eyankware EO, Eyankware, MO, Eyankware, ROU. Evaluation of radionuclides in Eliozu dumpsite, Obio-Akpor LGA South-South Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 2016, 1(2): 15-22
• [36] Okonkwo S, Kenneth O, Mary FO. Assessment of automobile induced pollution in an urban area (A case study of Port-Harcourt city, Rivers State, Nigeria). Chemical and Processing Engineering Research, 2014, 25, 12-15
• [37] Alexander IA, Ya MG, Yalwa MG, Alhassan AJ, Nels RO, Nelson NO, Muhammad IU. Determination of Lead and some Parameters of Oxidative Stress in Exhaust Fume in Relation to Age in Commercial Tricyclistsin Kano Municipal in Commercial Tricyclistsin Kano Municipal. International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Biosciences 2017, 2(2): 11-35.
• [38] Modinah AO, Kamaldeen OA, Olarenwaju AA. An Assessment of Vehicular Emissions and Related Health Impactsalong Ilorin-Lagos Highway in Nigeria. Annals of Science and Technology - B, 2019, 4 (2): 78-87
• [39] Babatola O. Major cities and their regions - Lagos, Africa Atlases. Les Éditions J.A. Paris: 2002, 132-133
• [40] Kpaka V. Proliferation of natural gas vehicle in Nigeria - The way forward 2003, www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/business/b730092003.html
• [41] Eyankware, M. O., Eyankware, RO. Environmental degradation on land in Enyigba with reference to artisan lead-zinc mine in South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research, 2015, 3 (3), 32-34
• [42] Alfred J, Hyeladi A. Assessment of Vehicular Emission and Health Impacts in Jos, Plateau State. Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology, 2013, (2): 80-86
• [43] Babanyara, Y.Y., Usman, H.A. and Saleh, U.F. An overview of urban poverty andenvironmental problems in Nigeria. J. Hum. Ecol. 2010, 31 (2): 135-143
• [44] Oguntoke O, Yussuf AS. Air pollution arising from automobile emissions and the associated human health problems in Abeokuta Metropolis, Nigeria. Asset, 2008, 8 (2): 119-132
• [45] VTPI, 2013.
• [46] Enemari, E Vehicular emissions: Environmental and health implications. National Conference on the Phase-out Leaded Gasoline in Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria, 2001
• [47] Omenikolo AI, Uduma CI, Chinekeokwu T, Abara JC. Assessment of air pollution generated by transport in Owerri, South East, Nigeria. Merit Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology, 2017, 5(1): 9-17
• [48] Joseph AA, Terrumun A, Tor- A, Ishaq, SE. Assessment of some Gaseous Emissions in Traffic Areas in Markurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Air Pollution, 2015, (4): 175-183.
• [49] Ndoke PN, Jimoh OD. Impact of Traffic Emission on Air Quality in a Developing City of Nigeria.Department of Civil engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State. 2007, http://www. enginpro.blogspot.com/2007/07/impact-of-traffic-emission-on-air.html
• [50] Okhimamhe AA, Okelola OF. Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Emission at Road Junctions in the Southeast of Niger State, Nigeria. Alam Cipta, 2013, 6 (2): 59-70
• [51] Osuntogun, B. A. and Koku, C. A.: Environmental impacts of urban road transportation in South-Western states of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2007, 7(16): 2356-2360
• [52] Ojukwu CP, Okemuo AJ, Madu CV, Ativie RN, Caesar CS, Moris AE. Pulmonary functions of commercial tricyclists (Keke Napep riders) in Enugu State, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2020; 20(2): 798-805. doi:10.4314/ahs.v20i2.33
• [53] Kayode, O., 2015. Evaluative Traffic Congestion in developing Countries. A case study of Nigeria. Paper presented at the 2015 Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT) Africa Forum Held at Mount Meru Hotel, Arusha, Tanzania 1-28.
• [54] Ojukwu CP, Okemuo AJ, Madu CV, Ativie RN, Caesar CS, Moris AE. Pulmonary functions of commercial tricyclists (KekeNapep riders) in Enugu State, Nigeria. Afri Health Sci. 2020; 20(2): 798-805. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.33.
• [55] Hirsch J. Automotive trends in aluminum - the European perspective. Materials Forum 2004, (28): 17-21
• [56] Ulakpa ROE, Eyankware MO. Contamination assessment of water resources around waste dumpsites in Abakaliki, Nigeria; A Mini Review. Journal Clean WAS, 2021, 5(1): 13-16
• [57] Eyankware MO, Ephraim BE. A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Delta State, Southern Part of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 2021, 3(1): 16-28
• [58] Kalpakjian S Schmidt SR. Manufacturing Engineering andTechnology. 5th ed. Chicago: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2006, 156-210.
• [59] Eyankware MO, Ulakpa ROE, Eyankware OE. (2016). Assessment of impact of leachate on soil physicochemical parameters in the vicinity of Eliozu dumpsite, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Basic Research Journal of Soil and Environmental Science, 2016, 4 (2): 15-25
• [60] Hartmut A. Auto-Electric Basic Technology—Part 1. German: Namibian project. 1997, 10-30
• [61] Rajput RK. Automobile Engineering. 1st ed. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications (P), Ltd; 2007, 1(57): 401-560

• Document Type: article