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2016 | 16 | 65 | 175-190

Article title

Standards for the assessment of salivary glands – an update

Content

Title variants

PL
Standardy badania ślinianek – aktualizacja

Languages of publication

EN PL

Abstracts

EN
The paper is an update of 2011 Standards for Ultrasound Assessment of Salivary Glands, which were developed by the Polish Ultrasound Society. We have described current ultrasound technical requirements, assessment and measurement techniques as well as guidelines for ultrasound description. We have also discussed an ultrasound image of normal salivary glands as well as the most important pathologies, such as inflammation, sialosis, collagenosis, injuries and proliferative processes, with particular emphasis on lesions indicating high risk of malignancy. In acute bacterial inflammation, the salivary glands appear as hypoechoic, enlarged or normal-sized, with increased parenchymal flow. The echogenicity is significantly increased in viral infections. Degenerative lesions may be seen in chronic inflammations. Hyperechoic deposits with acoustic shadowing can be visualized in lithiasis. Parenchymal fibrosis is a dominant feature of sialosis. Sjögren syndrome produces different pictures of salivary gland parenchymal lesions at different stages of the disease. Pleomorphic adenomas are usually hypoechoic, well-defined and polycyclic in most cases. Warthin tumor usually presents as a hypoechoic, oval-shaped lesion with anechoic cystic spaces. Malignancies are characterized by blurred outlines, irregular shape, usually heterogeneous echogenicity and pathological neovascularization. The accompanying metastatic lesions are another indicator of malignancy, however, final diagnosis should be based on biopsy findings.
PL
W publikacji przedstawiono aktualizację standardów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ultrasonograficznego dotyczących badania ultrasonograficznego gruczołów ślinowych, wydanych w 2011 roku. Opisano w niej obecne wymogi techniczne dotyczące aparatów ultrasonograficznych, technikę przeprowadzania badania i pomiarów oraz zasady wykonywania opisu badania. Omówiono zarówno prawidłowy obraz ultrasonograficzny ślinianek, jak i najważniejsze patologie w obrębie tych gruczołów, takie jak: stany zapalne, sialozy, kolagenozy, urazy oraz procesy rozrostowe, ze szczególnym podkreśleniem cech zmian o wysokim ryzyku złośliwości. W przypadku ostrych, bakteryjnych zapaleń ślinianki są hipoechogeniczne, powiększone bądź normalnego rozmiaru, ze zwiększonym przepływem miąższowym. W zapaleniach wirusowych echogeniczność jest wyraźnie podwyższona. W zapaleniach przewlekłych widoczne są zmiany degeneracyjne. W kamicy uwidocznić można hiperechogeniczne złogi z towarzyszącym cieniem akustycznym. W sialozach do minują cechy zwłóknienia miąższu. Zespół Sjögrena daje różne obrazy zmian w miąższu ślinianek na różnych etapach choroby. Gruczolaki wielopostaciowe to zwykle zmiany hipoechogeniczne, dobrze odgraniczone i najczęściej policykliczne. Guz Warthina jest zazwyczaj zmianą hipoechogeniczną, owalną, z torbielowatymi przestrzeniami bezechowymi. Zmiany złośliwe cechują się zatartymi granicami, nieregularnym kształtem, zwykle niejednorodną echogenicznością i patologicznym unaczynieniem. Towarzyszące zmianie przerzutowe węzły chłonne są dodatkowym aspektem świadczącym o złośliwym jej charakterze, jednak ostateczne rozpoznanie można postawić na podstawie wyniku biopsji.

Discipline

Year

Volume

16

Issue

65

Pages

175-190

Physical description

Contributors

  • Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
  • Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

References

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Document Type

review

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.psjd-cd8bace0-ff02-422d-a2da-8c243141e101
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