The Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Performance and Hormonal Adaptations Following Resistance Training in Novice Men

• Authors: Hamid Arazi , Mehdi Hakimi , Kako Hoseini
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of whey protein supplementation on performance and hormonal changes during an 8-week resistance training program in novice weight trained men.Material/Methods: Forty recreational weight trained men were randomly divided into a whey protein supplementation (WP) group (n=20), and a placebo (PL) group (n=20). Each group was given either whey protein or a placebo in a doubleblind manner to be taken orally for eight weeks (1.8g/kg/day). WP and PL groups performed the same weight training program 3 days, each week for 8 weeks. The training consisted of 3 sets of 8 repetitions, and the initial weight was 80% of the pre-1RM. Subjects were tested for performance and blood hormone concentrations before and after the 8-week period.Results: The WP group achieved greater increases in body weight, explosive muscular power, muscle strength and blood testosterone when compared to the PL group; however, cortisol concentrations were significantly more reduced in WP group when compared to the PL group.Conclusions: It can, therefore, be concluded that within 8 weeks whey protein supplementation was found to increase explosive muscular power, body weight and muscle strength.

Keywords

EN

protein supplementation; resistance training; hormonal changes

• Publisher: Versita
• Journal: Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
• Year: 2011
• Volume: 3
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 87-95

Dates

published

1 - 1 - 2011

online

4 - 7 - 2011

Contributors

author

Hamid Arazi

• Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

author

Mehdi Hakimi

• Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

author

Kako Hoseini

• Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

References

• American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on the appropriate intervention for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. J Med Sci Exerc 2001;33(12):2145-2156.
• Schumacher YO, Schmid A, Kö nig D, Berg A. Effects of exercise on soluble transferrin receptor and other variables of the iron status. Br J Sports Med 2002;36:195-9.[Crossref]
• Nemet D, Wolach B, Eliakim A. Proteins and amino acid supplementation in sports: are they truly necessary? Isr Med Assoc J 2005;7:328-32.[PubMed]
• American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada. American College of Sports Medicine. Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Dietetic Association 2000;100:1543-46.
• Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Facci M, Abeysekara S, Zello GA. Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;97:548-556.[PubMed][Crossref]
• Candow DG, Burke NC, Smith-Palmer T, Burke DG. Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2006;16:233-244.[PubMed]
• Lemon PWR, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougal JD, Atkinson SA. Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol 1992;73:767-775.[PubMed]
• Phillips S, Shwarcz HP. Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes. J Appl Physiol 1992;73:1986-1995.[PubMed]
• Tipton KD, Elliot TA, Cree MG, et al. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc 2004;36:2073-2081.[Crossref]
• Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Volek JS, et al. The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to overreaching. Metabolism 2006;55:282-291.[Crossref][PubMed]
• Ratamess NA, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, et al. The effects of amino acid supplementation on muscular performance during resistance training overreaching. J Strength Cond Res 2003;17:250-258.[PubMed]
• Williams M. Dietary supplements and sports performance: amino acids. J Int Soc Sport Nutr 2005;2:63-67.[Crossref]
• Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougal JD, Chesley A, Phillips S, Shwarcz HP. Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes. J Appl Physiol 1992;73:1986-1995.[PubMed]
• American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada and the American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand: Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2000; 32, 2130-2145.
• Bird, S.P., Tarpenning, K.M. and Marino, F.E. Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate/essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006; 97, 225-238.[PubMed][Crossref]
• Volek, J.S., Kraemer, W.J., Bush, J.A., Incledon, T. and Boetes, M. Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1997; 82, 49-54.[PubMed]
• Kraemer, W.J., Volek, J.S., Bush, J.A., Putukian, M. and Sebastianelli, W.J. Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation. J Appl Physiol. 1998; 85, 1544-1555.[PubMed]
• Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Davidson KS, Candow DG, Farthing J, Smith-Palmer T. The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength. Int J Sport Nutr Exer Metab. 2001; 11: 349-64.
• Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Stathis CG et al. Effects of whey isolate, creatine, and resistance training on muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2007; 39: 298-307.[Crossref]
• Cribb, PJ, Williams AD, Hayes A, Carey MF. The effect of whey isolate on strength, body composition and plasma glutamine. Int J Sports Nutr Exer Metab. 2006; 16: 494-509.
• Lands LC, Grey VL, Smountas AA. Effect of supplementation with a cysteine donor on muscular performance. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 87: 1381-1385.[PubMed]
• Bouthegourd JJ, Roseau SM, Makarios-Lahham L et al. A preexercise lactalbumin-enriched whey protein meal preserves lipid oxidation and decreases adiposity in rats. Am J Physiol. 2002; 283: E565-E572.
• Morifuji M, Sakai K, Sanbongi C, Sugiura K. Dietary whey protein downregulates fatty acid synthesis in the liver, but upregulates it in skeletal muscle of exercise-trained rats. Nutrition. 2005; 21: 1052-1058.[Crossref][PubMed]
• Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K, Short vs, Long rest period between the sets in hypertrophic resistance training: inXuence on muscle strength, size, and hormonal adaptations in trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19:572-582.[PubMed]
• Hickson RC, Hidaka K, Foster C, Falduto MT, Chatterton RT Jr. Successive time courses of strength development and steroid hormone responses to heavy-resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 1994; 76:663-670.[PubMed]
• Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU et al. Effects of heavy resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 87: 982-992.[PubMed]
• McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Fleck SJ, Dickinson A, Kraemer WJ. Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy. Can J Appl Physiol. 1999; 24:96-107.[Crossref][PubMed]
• Mayhew JL, Ball TE, Arnold TE, Bowen JC. Relative muscular endurance as a predictor of bench press strength in college men and women. J Strength Cond Res. 1992; 6: 200-6.
• Hoffman, J.R. Norms for fitness, performance and health. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. 2006.
• Canavan, P.K. and Vescovi J.D. Evaluation of power prediction equations: peak vertical jumping power in women. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2004; 36, 1589-1593.[Crossref]
• Coburn JW, Housh DJ, Housh TJ, Malek MH, Beck TW, Cramer JT et al. Effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation during eight weeks of unilateral resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2006; 20(2):284-91.[PubMed]
• Willoughby DS, Stout JR, and Wilborn CD. Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Acids. 2007; 32(4):467-77.[Crossref][PubMed]
• Borsheim E, Tipton KD, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR. Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 283(4):E648-657.
• Tipton KD, Elliott TA, Cree MG, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2004; 36(12):2073-81.[Crossref]
• Tipton KD and Wolfe RR. Exercise-induced changes in protein metabolism. Acta Physiol Scand. 1998; 162(3):377-87.[Crossref]
• Tipton KD, Ferrando AA, Phillips SM, Doyle D, Wolfe RR. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am J Physiol. 1999; 276(4 Pt 1):E628-34.
• Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Bush JA, Putukian M, Sebastianelli WJ. Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation. J Appl Physiol 1998;85: 1544-1555.[PubMed]
• Chromiak JA, Smedley B, Carpenter W, et al. Effect of a 10-week strength training program and recovery drink on body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and anaerobic power and capacity. Nutrition 2004;20:420-427.[PubMed][Crossref]
• Rankin JW, Goldman LP, Puglisi MJ, Nickols-Richardson SM, Earthman CP, Gwazdauskas FC. Effect of postexercise supplement consumption on adaptations to resistance training. J Am College Nutr 2004;23: 322-330.[Crossref]
• Andersen LL, Tufekovic G, Zebis MK, et al. The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength. Metabolism 2005;54:151-156.[PubMed][Crossref]
• Buckley JD, Brinkworth GD, Abbott MJ. Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma IGF-I. J Sport Sci 2003;21:577-588.[Crossref]
• Chromiak JA, Smedley B, Carpenter W, et al. Effect of a 10-week strength training program and recovery drink on body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and anaerobic power and capacity. Nutrition 2004;20:420-427.[PubMed][Crossref]
• Hoffman, JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Falvo MJ, Faigenbaum AD. Effects of protein supplementation on muscular performance and resting hormonal changes in college football players. J Sport Sci Med 2007;6:85-92.
• Kraemer WJ, Hatweld DL, Spiring BA, et al. Effects of a multi-nutrient supplement on exercise performance and hormonal responses to resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;101:637-646.[PubMed][Crossref]
• Herbst KL, Bhasin S. Testosterone action on skeletal muscle. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutr & Metab Care 2004;7:271-277.[Crossref]
• Olsen LS, Aagaard P, Kadi F, et al. Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol 2006;573(2):525-534.[PubMed][Crossref]
• Kraemer W, Ratamess N. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. J Sport Med 2005;35(4):339-61.[Crossref]
• Beaven CM, Gill ND, Cook CJ. Salivary testosterone and cortisol responses in professional rugby players after four resistance exercise protocols. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22(2):426-432.[Crossref][PubMed]
• Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing resistance training programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004.
• Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:1247-1255.[PubMed]
• Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K. Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003;89:555-563.[Crossref][PubMed]
• Volek JS. Inflluence of nutrition on responses to resistance training. Med Sci Sport Exer 2004;36(4):689-696.[Crossref]
• Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ. Protein-which is best? J Sport Sci Med 2004;3:118-130.

Identifiers

DOI

10.2478/v10131-011-0008-2