The neuroendocrine tumors of the ileum

• Authors: Simona Costin , Dan Dumitrascu
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Neuroendocrine tumors arise from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and secrete several peptides and bioactive amines (serotonin, histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, corticotropin, calcitonin, bradykinin, kalikrein, gastrin, cholecystokinin, prostaglandins). The most common occurrence site of neuroendocrine tumors is the ileum. The symptoms of small bowel carcinoids are represented by intermittent intestinal obstruction and carcinoid syndrome. Presence of the carcinoid syndrome usually indicates hepatic or retroperitoneal metastases. The typical carcinoid syndrome is characterized by flushing, diarrhea, nonspecific abdominal pain and bronchospasm. The diagnosis of small bowel tumors is often difficult due to their rarity and the nonspecific and variable nature of the presenting signs and symptoms. The most useful initial diagnostic test for the carcinoid syndrome is to measure 24-hour urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5 HIAA), which is the end product of serotonin metabolism. Capsule endoscopy is a more recent diagnostic tool. Surgery is the radical form of curative therapy for carcinoid tumors. Numerous therapies are available for palliation including surgery, pharmacologic therapy, interventional radiologic therapy, embolization and chemoembolization of hepatic metastases, immunotherapy (Interferon alfa) and chemotherapy. We carefully reviewed the available literature on this topic before beginning our study.

Keywords

EN

Neuroendocrine tumors; Carcinoid syndrome; Liver metastases

• Publisher: De Gruyter Open
• Journal: Open Medicine
• Year: 2008
• Volume: 3
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 135-140

Dates

published

1 - 6 - 2008

online

9 - 4 - 2008

Contributors

author

Simona Costin

• 2nd Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy luliu Hatieganu, Cluj, Romania

author

Dan Dumitrascu

• 2nd Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy luliu Hatieganu, Cluj, Romania

References

• [1] Feldman M., Friedman L.S., Brandt L.J., Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome, Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 8th ed., 2006
• [2] Janmohamed S., Bloom S.R., Carcinoid tumours, Postgrad Med J., 1997, 73, 207–214 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.73.858.207[Crossref]
• [3] Caplin M.E., Buscombe J.R., Hilson A.J., Jones A.L., Watkinson A.F., Burroughs A.K., Carcinoid tumour, Lancet 1998, 352, 799–805 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02286-7[Crossref]
• [4] Modlin I.M., Sandor A., An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors, Cancer, 1997, 79, 813–829 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970215)79:4<813::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-2[Crossref]
• [5] Timmins P.F., Kuo D.Y., Anderson P.S., Fields A.L., Whitney K.D., Goldberg G.L., Ovarian carcinoid: Management of primary and recurrent tumors, Gynecol Oncol., 2000, 76,112–114 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1999.5608[Crossref]
• [6] Yokoyama Y., Fujioka S., Kato K., Tomono H., Yoshida K., Nimura Y., Primary carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder: Resection of a case metastasizing to the liver and analysis of outcomes, Hepatogastroenterology, 2000, 47, 135–139
• [7] Chamberlain R.S., Blumgart L.H., Carcinoid tumors of the extrahepatic bile duct: A rare cause of malignant biliary obstruction, Cancer, 1999, 86, 1959–1965 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19991115)86:10<1959::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-H[Crossref]
• [8] Fukai I., Masaoka A., Fujii Y., Thymic neuroendocrine tumor (thymic carcinoid): A clinicopathologic study in 15 patients, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 1999, 67, 208–211 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(98)01063-7[Crossref]
• [9] Glazier D.B., Murphy D.P., Barnard N., Cummings K.B., Weiss R.E., Primary carcinoid tumour of the testis, British Journal of Urology Int., 1999, 83, 153–154
• [10] Kehagias D., Moulopoulos L., Smirniotis V., Pafiti A., Ispanopoulos S., Vlahos L., Imaging findings in primary carcinoid tumour of the liver with gastrin production, Br. J. Radiol., 1999, 72, 207–209
• [11] Burke A.P., Thomas R.M., Elsayed A.M., Sobin L.H., Carcinoids of the jejunum and ileum: An immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study of 167 cases, Cancer, 1997, 79, 1086–1090 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970315)79:6<1086::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-E[Crossref]
• [12] Yang K., Ulich T., Cheng L., Lewin K.J., The neuroendocrine products of intestinal carcinoids: An immunoperoxidase study of 35 carcinoid tumors stained for serotonin and eight polypeptide hormones, Cancer, 1997, 51, 1918–1926 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19830515)51:10<1918::AID-CNCR2820511027>3.0.CO;2-Y[Crossref]
• [13] Modlin I.M., Kidd M., Latich I., Zikusoka M.N., Shapiro MD., Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids, Gastroenterology, 2005, 128, 1717–1751 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.038[Crossref]
• [14] Marshall J.B., Bornarchuk G., Carcinoid tumors of the gut, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 1993, 16, 123–140 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199303000-00009[Crossref]
• [15] Feldman J.M., Carcinoid tumor and syndrome, Semin Oncol., 1987, 15, 237–246
• [16] Ahlman H., Dahlstrom A., Gronstad K., The pentagastrin test in the diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome: Blockade of gastrointestinal symptoms by ketanserin, Ann. Surg., 1985, 201, 81–86 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-198501000-00012[Crossref]
• [17] Cwikła J.B., Buscombe J.R., Caplin M.E., Watkinson A.F., Walecki J., Gorczyca-Wiśniewska E., et al., Diagnostic imaging of carcinoid metastases to the abdomen and pelvis, Med. Sci. Monit., 2004, 10 Suppl., 3, 9–16
• [18] Grahame-Smith D.G., The carcinoid syndrome, William Heineman Medical Books, London, 1972
• [19] Vaughan D.J., Brunner M.D., Anesthesia for patients with carcinoid syndrome, Int Anesthesiol Clin., 1997, 35, 129–142 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004311-199703540-00009[Crossref]
• [20] Onaitis M.W., Kirshbom P.M., Hayward T.Z., Gastrointestinal carcinoids: characterization by site of origin and hormone production, Ann Surg., 2000, 232, 549–561 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200010000-00010[Crossref]
• [21] Nehar D., Lombard-Bohas C., Olivieri S., Claustrat B., Chayvialle J.A., Penes M.C., Interest of Chromogranin A for diagnosis and follow-up of endocrine tumours, Clinical Endocrinology,2004, 60, 644–652 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02030.x[Crossref]
• [22] D’Halluin P.N., Delvaux M., Lapalus M.G., Sacher-Huvelin S., Ben Soussan E., Heyries L., et al., Does the “Suspected Blood Indicator” improve the detection of bleeding lesions by capsule endoscopy? 2005, 61, 243–249
• [23] Schmidt S., Felley C., Meuwly J.Y., Schnyder P., Denys A., CT enteroclysis: technique and clinical applications, Eur. Radiol., 2006, 16, 648–660 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-0005-4[Crossref]
• [24] Soga J., Early-stage carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract, Cancer, 2005, 103, 1587–1595 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20939[Crossref]
• [25] Arnold R., Medical treatment of metastasizing carcinoid tumors, World J. Surgery, 1996, 20, 203–207 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002689900031[Crossref]
• [26] Creutzfeldt W., Carcinoid tumors: Development of our knowledge, World J. Surgery, 1996, 20, 126–131 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002689900020[Crossref]
• [27] Sokmensuer C., Gedikoglu G., Uzunalimoglu B., Importance of proliferation markers in gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors: a clinicopathologic study, Hepatogastroenterology, 2001, 48, 720–723
• [28] Loftus J.P., Van Heerden J.A., Surgical management of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, Adv. Surgery, 1995, 28, 317–321
• [29] Rorstad O., Prognostic indicators for carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, J. Surg. Oncol., 2005, 89, 151–160 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.20179[Crossref]

Identifiers

DOI

10.2478/s11536-008-0010-5