A Polish Adaptation of Leadership Scale for Sports – A Questionnaire Examining Coaching Behavior

• Authors: Zuzanna Wałach-Biśta
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Purpose. The main purpose of this study was the development of a Polish version of the scale developed by P. Chelladurai and S. Saleh for examining coaching behavior (the Leadership Scale for Sports; LSS). Methods. The Polish version was constructed in two stages. In the first stage, the psychometric equivalence of the Polish translation was estimated by providing a Polish/English version of the questionnaire to a bilingual sample. Following verification of the psychometric properties of the experimental version and the adding of additional items to the scale, a second stage of analysis was performed using additional samples to assess the reliability and validity of the new scale. In total, 560 university physical education students, 180 athletes, and 75 coaches were recruited to participate in the study. The final version was deemed a reliable and valid reproduction of the LSS, consisting of 40 items representing five dimensions measuring coaching behavior. Results. Measures of reliability (internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability) as well as validity (exploratory factory analysis with principal component analysis) of the final version of the Polish adaptation of the Leadership Scale for Sports were found to be satisfactory. It was determined that the Polish adaptation of the LSS is characterized by good psychometric properties and can be widely used in the sports environment. Conclusions. The Polish adaptation of the LSS reflects the five-factor structure of the original scale, closely reproducing the dimensions of training and instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback. It can be used both for the measurement athletes’ preferences for coaching behavior and for assessing coaching behavior as observed by athletes.

Keywords

EN

psychology; sports; questionnaire; leadership; coaching

• Publisher: De Gruyter Open
• Journal: Human Movement
• Year: 2013
• Volume: 14
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 265-274

Dates

published

1 - 09 - 2013

online

15 - 10 - 2013

Contributors

author

Zuzanna Wałach-Biśta

• University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

References

• 1. Czajkowski Z., Psychology as an ally of the coach [in Polish]. COS, RC MSKFiS, Warszawa 1996.
• 2. Herzig M., Psychological modalities and skills and the efficiency of the coach’s work [in Polish]. Sport Wyczynowy, 2002, 5-6, 23-31.
• 3. Herzig M., Coach - athlete - psychologist [in Polish]. Sport Wyczynowy, 2004, 7-8, 13-19.
• 4. Czajkowski Z., Leadership theories and their importance in sports [in Polish]. Sport Wyczynowy, 2003, 3-4, 77-89.
• 5. Chelladurai P., Carron A.V., Leadership. CAHPER Sociology of Sport Monograph Series. University of Calgary, Calgary 1978.
• 6. Chelladurai P., A contingency model of leadership in athletics. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo, Ontario 1978.
• 7. Krawczyński M., Group tactical decisions in team sport games: the perspective of the influences paradigm (on the example of football) [in Polish]. AWF, Gdańsk 1999.
• 8. Weiss M.R., Friedrichs W.D., The influence of leader behaviors, coach attributes and institutional variables on performance and satisfaction of college basketball teams. J Sport Psychol, 1986, 8 (4), 332-336.
• 9. Chelladurai P., Leadership in sports. In: Tenenbaum G., Eklund R.C. (eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2007, 113-135.
• 10. Chelladurai P., Saleh S.D., Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale. J SportPsychol, 1980, 2 (1), 34-45.
• 11. Chelladurai P., Discrepancy between preferences and perceptions of leadership behavior and satisfaction of athletes in varying sports. J Sport Psychol, 1984, 6, 27-41.
• 12. Chelladurai P., Models and measurement of leadership in sport. In: Tenenbaum G., Eklund R.C., Kamata A. (eds.), Measurement in sport and exercise psychology. Human Kinetics, Champaign 2012, 433-442.
• 13. Weinberg R.S., Gould D., Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human Kinetics, Champaign 2007.
• 14. Horn T.S., Bloom P., Berglund K.M., Packard S., Relationship between collegiate athletes’ psychological characterictics and their preferences for different types of coaching behavior. Sport Psychol, 2011, 25 (2), 190-211.
• 15. Bahrami S., Zardoshtian S., Jourkesh M., The effect of leadership on the motivation and satisfaction of Iranian women premier basketball league. Ann Biol Res, 2011, 2 (4), 321-329.
• 16. Loughead T.M., Hardy J., An examination of coach and peer leader behaviors in sport. Psychol Sport Exerc, 2005, 6 (3), 303-312, doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.02.001.[Crossref]
• 17. Shields D.L.L., Gardner D.E., Bredemeier B.J.L., Bostro A., The relationship between leadership behaviors and group cohesion in team sports. J Psychol, 1997, 131 (2), 196-210, doi: 10.1080/00223989709601964.[Crossref]
• 18. Sherman C.A., Fuller R., Speed H.D., Gender comparisons of preferred coaching behaviors in Australian sports. J Sport Behav, 2000, 23 (4), 389-406.
• 19. Terry P.C., The coaching preferences of elite athletes competing at Universiade 83. Can J Appl Sport Sci, 1984, 9, 201-208.
• 20. Zhang J., Jensen B.E., Mann B.L., Modification and revision of Leadership Scale for Sports. J Sport Behav, 1997, 20 (1), 105-121.
• 21. Szulawski M., Tokarski S., The Revised Leadership Scale for Sport [in Polish]. Studia Psychologica, 2007, 7, 385-402.
• 22. Chelladurai P., Riemer H., Measurement of leadership in sports. In: Duda J.L. (ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement. Fitness Information Technology, Morgantown 1998, 227-253.
• 23. Hornowska E., Paluchowski W., Cultural adaptation of psychological tests [in Polish]. In: Brzeziński J. (ed.), Methodology of psychological research [in Polish]. PWN, Warszawa 2004, 151-191.
• 24. Brzozowski P., The scale of positive and negative feelings SUPIN. Polish adaptation of the PANAS David Watson and Lee Ann Clark. Handbook [in Polish]. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Warszawa 2010.
• 25. Williams L.J., Holahan P.J., Parsimony-based fit indices for multiple-indicator models: do they work? StructEquation Model, 1994, 1 (2), 161-189, doi: 10.1080/10705 519409539970.[Crossref]
• 26. Amorose A.J., Horn T.S., Intrinsic motivation: relationship with collegiate athletes’ gender, scholarship status, and perceptions of their coaches’ behavior. J Sport ExercPsychol, 2000, 22 (1), 63-84.
• 27. Drwal R.Ł., Adaptation of personality questionnaires [in Polish]. PWN, Warszawa 1995.
• 28. Westre K.R., Weiss M.R., The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and group cohesion in high school football teams. Sport Psychol, 1991, 5 (1), 41-54.
• 29. Carron A.V., Hausenblas H.A., Eys M.A., Group dynamics in sport (3rd ed). Fitness Information Technology, Morgantown 2005.
• 30. Vincer D.J.E., Loughead T.M., The relationship among athlete leadership behaviors and cohesion in team sports. Sport Psychol, 2010, 24 (4), 448-467.
• 31. Vallerand R.J., Losier G.F., An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. J Appl SportPsychol, 1999, 11 (1), 142-169, doi: 10.1080/10413209908402956. [Crossref]

Identifiers

DOI

10.2478/humo-2013-0032