The influence of perinatal and current dioxin and PCB exposure on reproductive parameters (sex-ratio, menstrual cycle characteristics, endometriosis, semen quality, and prematurity): a review

• Authors: M.M. Leijs , L.M. van der Linden , J.G. Koppe , K. Olie , W.M.C. van Aalderen , G.W. ten Tusscher
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins
(PCDDs/Fs) are well-known endocrine disrupters. This
paper strives to elucidate the data on reproductive
consequences of perinatal dioxin and PCB exposure in
men and women. We focused on the following end-points:
sex-ratio, endometriosis, menstrual cycle characteristics,
sperm quality, and prematurity. We summarize 46 papers
and compare their results including effects seen after
exposure to background concentrations. Seven of twelve
studies showed a decrease in sex-ratio after parental dioxin
or PCB exposure. In three of the seven studies, effects were
seen after paternal exposure and in three after maternal
exposure. In eight of the nine studies on menstrual cycle
characteristics, abnormalities were associated with
PCB or dioxin exposure, however the results differed. In
three studies PCB and TCDD were associated with longer
menstrual cycles, while three studies indicated that an
increase in PCB/PCDF exposure was associated with
shorter cycles. Five studies showed effects on menstrual
bleeding with higher PCB or dioxin exposure. A higher rate of irregular menstrual cycles in exposed women was
seen in four studies. The conflicting outcomes probably
result from variability in study design, timing of exposure
and endocrine disrupting properties of the measured
congeners. Nine of sixteen studies detected higher PCB or
dioxin exposure in women with endometriosis. However,
the manner of diagnosing endometriosis and the character
of the studies varied from prospective to retrospective. Five
of eight studies focusing on sperm quality showed that
men, with higher serum concentrations of PCBs and/or
PCB congeners and/or PCDFs, had reduced sperm quality,
including increased abnormal morphology and reduced
motility. The exposure timeframe seemed important here.
There are two studies addressing preterm birth in relation
to PCBs, one mentioned a shortening of three days of
gestational age, two other studies did not find a relation.
Recently one study related a shorter gestational age of
half a week with overall dioxin activity measured with
the CALUX method in cord blood, particularly in boys. In
conclusion, exposure to PCBs and dioxins has a negative
effect on the reproductive systems of human populations.
Although some speculations have been made, the exact
mechanism of these effects and the interactions of these
compounds with other endocrine disruptors are not yet
known. Age at exposure and congener specific properties
are probably crucial in interpreting the observed results.

Keywords

EN

dioxin; furan; PCB; PCDD; PCDF; sex ratio; endometriosis; menstrual cycle; semen quality; persistent organic compounds; prematurity

• Publisher: De Gruyter Open
• Journal: Biomonitoring
• Year: 2014
• Volume: 1
• Issue: 1

Dates

received

10 - 2 - 2014

accepted

10 - 4 - 2014

online

9 - 6 - 2014

Contributors

author

M.M. Leijs

• Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital,
  Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, PO Box 22660 1100DD
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands
• Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics,
  IBED, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands
• Department of Dermatology, RWTH University Hospital
  Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany

author

L.M. van der Linden

• Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics,
  IBED, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands

author

J.G. Koppe

• Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital,
  Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, PO Box 22660 1100DD
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands
• Ecobaby Foundation, Hollandstraat 6 3634 AT Loenersloot,
  The Netherlands, Fax: [phone]

author

K. Olie

• Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics,
  IBED, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands

author

W.M.C. van Aalderen

• Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children’s Hospital,
  Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, PO Box 22660 1100DD
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands

author

G.W. ten Tusscher

• Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Westfriesgasthuis,
  Maelsonstraat 3, 1624 NP Hoorn, The Netherlands

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Identifiers

DOI

10.2478/bimo-2014-0001