What causes depression in adults?

• Authors: Marta Bembnowska , Jadwiga Jośko-Ochojska
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

The problem of depression in adolescents is discussed increasingly more often. A lot of researchers devote their careers to investigating this subject. The issue becomes vital, since the number of young people with depressive symptoms is constantly on the rise. The diagnosis can be difficult, as many a time the changes so typical for the puberty period appear. They include mood swings, explosiveness, propulsion disorders, puissance, insomnia, concentration problems etc. These might be the first symptoms of depression as well. It is impossible to point to one cause of depression because it is a disease conditioned by many different factors, ranging from independent factors like genetic, biological, hormonal, through the influence of the family or the environment influence and socio-cultural components. Early depression symptoms, long time exposure to stress, challenges or adversities - things every young person has to deal with - are a breeding ground for risky behaviors among adolescents. Teens are more likely to reach for different kinds of stimulants like alcohol, cigarettes or drugs etc. It has also been proven that anti-health behaviors may cause depression in the future

Keywords

EN

adolescent depression; risk factors; adolescents; behavior; anti-health

• Publisher: De Gruyter Open
• Journal: Polish Journal of Public Health
• Year: 2015
• Volume: 125
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 116-120

Dates

published

1 - 6 - 2015

online

25 - 8 - 2015

Contributors

author

Marta Bembnowska

• The Chair and Department of Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland

author

Jadwiga Jośko-Ochojska

• The Chair and Department of Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland

References

• 1. Bomba J, Orwid M. Zaburzenia zdrowia psychicznego w okresie młodzieńczym. Postępowanie, profilaktyka, błędy w postępowaniu. Med Młodzieżowa; 2006. [http://www.kpdim.cm-uj.krakow.pl/1.pdf]
• 2. Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, et al. Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107(1):128-40.[Crossref]
• 3. Nemade R, Reiss N, Dombeck M. Biology of Depression-Neurotransmitters. Mental Help. [https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/biology-ofdepression-neurotransmitters]
• 4. Jośko-Ochojska J. Lęk - nieodłączny towarzysz człowieka od poczęcia aż do śmierci. Katowice: Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach; 2013.
• 5. Jośko-Ochojska J. Wpływ dramatycznych przeżyć i lęków matki ciężarnej na losy jej dziecka. Lęk - nieodłączny towarzysz człowieka od poczęcia aż do śmierci. Katowice: Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach; 2013.
• 6. Lupien S, Parent S, Evans A, et al. Larger amygdala but no change in hippocampal volume in 10-year-old children exposed to maternal depressive symptomatology since birth. PNAS. 2011;108(34):14324-9.
• 7. Bruder G, Tenke C, Warner V, at al. Electroencephalographic measures of regional hemispheric activity in offspring at risk for depressive disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:328-35.[Crossref]
• 8. Bredy T, Wu H, Crego C, et al. Histone modifications around individual BDNF gene promoters in prefrontal cortex are associated with extinction of conditioned fear. Learn Mem. 2007;14:268-76.[WoS]
• 9. Weissman M, Pilowsky D, Wickramaratne P, et al. Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: A STAR*D-child report. JAMA. 2006;295(12):1389-98.
• 10. Holmans P, Weissman M, Zubenko G, et al. Genetics of recurrent earlyonset major depression (GenRED): final genome scan report. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(2):248-58.
• 11. Duric V, Banasr M, Licznerski P, et al. A negative regulator of MAP kinase causes depressive behavior. Nat Med. 2010;16(11):1328-32.[WoS][PubMed][Crossref]
• 12. Van de Loo K, van Dongen L, Mohamed M, et al. Socio-emotional problems in Children with CDG. JIMD Rep. 2013;11:139-48.[Crossref]
• 13. Wurtman R. Genes, stress and depression. Metab. 2005;54:16-9.[Crossref]
• 14. Masi G, Brovedani P. The hippocampus, neurotrophic factors and depression: possible implications for the pharmacotherapy of depression. CNS Drugs. 2011;1(25):913-31.[Crossref]
• 15. Hettema J, An S, Neale M, et al. Association between glutamic acid decarboxylase genes and anxiety disorders, major depression, and neuroticism. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(8):752-62.[PubMed][Crossref]
• 16. Marazziti D, Baroni S, Picchetti M, et al. New developments on the serotonin hypothesis of depression: shunt of tryptophan. Riv Psichiatr. 2013;48(1):23-34.[PubMed]
• 17. Eley TC, Lian H, Plomin R, et al. Parental Familial Vulnerability, Family Environment, and Their Interactions as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(3):298-306.[Crossref]
• 18. Greszta E. Family environment risk factors of depression in adolescence. Psychiatr Pol. 2006;40(4):719-30.[PubMed]
• 19. Weiss E, Longhurst J, Mazure C. Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: psychosocial and neurobiological correlates Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):816-28.
• 20. Comijs H, van Exel E, van der Mast R, et al. Childhood abuse in late-life depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1-3):241-6.
• 21. Liu R, Choi J, Boland E, et al. Childhood abuse and stress generation: The mediational effect of depressogenic cognitive styles. Psychiatry Res. 2013;206(2-3):217-22.[WoS]
• 22. Kounou K, Bui E, Dassa K, et al. Childhood trauma, personality disorders symptoms and current major depressive disorder in Togo (2012). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(7):1095-103.[Crossref][PubMed]
• 23. Undheim. AM, Sund AM. School factors and the emergence of depressive symptoms among young Norwegian adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;14(8):446-53.[Crossref]
• 24. Saluja G, Iachan R, Scheidt PC, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(8):760-5.
• 25. Pillay A, Bundhoo H, Bhowon U. Depression-related distress in Mauritian and South African adolescent girls: an exploratory investigation. Psychol Rep. 2010;107(1):87-94.[WoS]
• 26. Saluja G, Iachan R, Scheidt PC, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(8):760-5.
• 27. Wang P, Lin H, Yeh H, et al. The relation of substance use with different levels of depressive symptoms and the moderating effect of sex and age in Taiwanese adolescents. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(7):1013-20.[PubMed][Crossref][WoS]
• 28. Mazza J, Abbott R, Fleming C, et al. Anti-social behavior in girls predicts adolescent depression seven years later. The Journal of Early Adolescence. National Institute on Drug Abuse. University of Washington; 2009.
• 29. Goldstein B, Levitt A. Is current alcohol consumption associated with increased lifetime prevalence of major depression and suicidality? Results from a pilot community survey. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47(5):330-3.[Crossref][PubMed]
• 30. McCarty C, Wymbs B, King K, et al. Developmental Consistency in Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012;73(3):444-53.[WoS]
• 31. Pasco JA, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, et al. Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder: population-based study. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(4):322-6.
• 32. Villegaz A, Martinez Gonzalez M, Garcia I. Smokers have a 41% higher risk of suffering depression, according to research from the University of Navarra. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080424103225.htm]
• 33. Buckingham-Howes S, Oberlander S, Kim E, et al. Prenatal Drug Exposure and Peer Victimization in Early Adolescence: Testing Childhood Anxiety/Depression and Aggression as Possible Mediators. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012;33(5):416-22.[WoS][Crossref]
• 34. Hong, X, Li J, Xu F, et al. Physical activity inversely associated with the presence of depression among urban adolescents in regional China. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:148.[Crossref][PubMed]
• 35. Wójciak P, Sobieska M, Kostrzewa A, Rybakowski P. Ocena aktywności wybranych elementów układu odpornościowego w depresji. Psychiatr Pol. 2007;XLI(5):637-49.

Identifiers

DOI

10.1515/pjph-2015-0037