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The Examination of Different Tests for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Eggbeater Kicks

100%
Stirn I., Strmecki J., Strojnik V.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 41
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issue 1
215-226
EN
The eggbeater kick presents an important basic technical skill in water polo. The aim of this study was to examine some different tests in order to recommend the best ones for the evaluation of the eggbeater kick. Twenty eight young male water polo players performed one test (squat jump) on land and ten tests in water: tethered swimming with legs only, using alternating and simultaneous eggbeater kicks, jumps out of water from basic and vertical (arms vertically above the head) position, water start and swimming two meters and swimming horizontally with legs only five meters with a flying start. The differences between tests were checked by executing dependent t-tests, while Pearson"s correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the correlation between different parameters. Results showed that when performing alternate eggbeater kicks greater average forces were produced by the water polo players when compared to consecutive simultaneous eggbeater kicks. However, a short time maximal acceleration of the body in the vertical and horizontal plane was greater when the single simultaneous kick was performed. It was determined that horizontal swimming using legs only and a squat jump were less useful for the evaluation of the eggbeater kick. Therefore, the recommendation was to measure the average force of successive alternating eggbeater kicks, the height of the jump out of the water from the basic position and the water start and swim over a distance of 2 meters.
2
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Functional Abilities as a Predictor of Specific Motor Skills of Young Water Polo Players

100%
Aleksandrović M., Radovanović D., Okičić T., Madić D., Georgiev G.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 29
123-132
EN
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of functional abilities on specificmotor skills. A total number of 92 male water polo players (age 12±0.5 years, body height 156.96±22.3 cm, body weight 51.02±33.18 kg) with at least two years' experience, were enrolled in the study. The investigation protocol consisted of standardized anthropometric measurements, estimation of maximum oxygen uptake, determination of the lung function values, specific swim tests and swim tests with a ball. The factor analysis was used for the estimation of the structure of specific motor skills. The influence of functional abilities on specific motor skills was estimated by regression analysis. Out of 15 correlations in total between the variables of space of functional abilities of water polo players, 6 were significant at the level of 95% (between the variables of aerobic power and lung function) and all of the correlations (15) between the variables of specific motor skills in water polo players were significant at the 99% level. Only one principal component, the General factor of specific motor skills in water polo (GFSWP) was obtained by way of factorization of the tests of specific motor skills, so the GFSWP represents the latent space of specific motor skills as a criterion. The regression analysis showed that functional abilities (as group predictors) (p= 0.00) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (as a separate variable) have a significant influence on GFSWP (the criterion). The results of the study pointed out the impact of functional abilities on specific motor skills of selected young water polo players. This may be important for the selection and effective coaching in the early period of training and can affect the development of more appropriate and specific training programmes for optimal physical fitness preparation in young water polo players.
3
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Test-Retest Reliability and Validity of Three Different Agility Tests for Various Team Sports in Young Male Athletes

88%
Kutlu M., Doğan Ö.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2018
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vol. 22
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issue 2
33-38
EN
The purpose of this study is to examine the reproducibility of three different agility tests in basketball, soccer and water polo team sports. To determine the reliability 44 young male athletes (Basketball age 16.5 ±0.6, height 177.9 ±7.7 weight 70.0 ±7.1; Soccer age 16.3 ±0.5, height 169.2 ±5.0, weight 71.2 ±7.9; Water Polo age 17.1 ±0.7, height 181.3 ±6.7, weight 76.7 ±7.2) performed 3 different agility tests (Zig-Zag, Illinois and AS) on two occasions 1 wk. apart for test-retest. Sprint time scores were analyzed for each test. To determine the reliability Paired Sample T-test and Pearson Correlation Statistics were computed. Scores of teams were compared with ANOVA statistics to determine the difference. Test results showed that there was no significant difference between the two occasions for all agility test on subjects and teams (p > 0.01). There was higher correlation between test-retest values of subjects (r = 0.90–0.97). Three different agility tests were found valid in determining agility with significant moderate level correlation. (r = 0.36–0.44; p < 0.01). Differences among sport branches were found significant for agility scores (p < 0.05). All three agility tests are reliable and valid for team sport athletes. Soccer players had better scores than other branches in soccer specific test (AS). This study showed that sport specific agility tests are more useful than general agility tests.
4
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Home Advantage in Men’s and Women’s Spanish First and Second Division Water Polo Leagues

88%
Prieto J., Gómez M.-Á., Pollard R.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 37
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issue 1
137-143
EN
The purpose of this study was to quantify the home advantage in both men’s and women’s First and Second Division water polo leagues, to compare the results obtained according to sex of participants and the level of competition, and to test for possible differences in home advantage when considering the interaction between these two factors. The sample comprised four seasons from 2007-2008 to 2010-2011 for a total of 1942 games analyzed. The results showed the existence of home advantage in both men’s and women’s First and Second Divisions. After controlling for the competitive balance of each league in each season, there was a significant difference between men’s and women’s leagues, with higher home advantage for men’s leagues (58.60% compared with 53.70% for women’s leagues). There was also a significant difference between the levels of competition, with greater home advantage for the Second Division (57.95% compared with 54.35% for First Division). No significant differences in home advantage were found when considering the interaction between sex of participants and the level of competition. The results in relation to sex of participants and the level of competition are consistent with previous studies in other sports such as football or handball.
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