Search results

1

Variants of Development of Sports Career of 11-Year-Old Female Swimmers

100%

Bielec G.

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

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2012

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vol. 19

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issue 1

36-40

EN

Introduction. The development of a sporting career takes a course within a phased manner, the various stages are characterized by different goals and tasks. In competitive swimming there are many cases of athletes who achieved high sporting results in the category of children and youths and who soon after abandoned their interest in training. The aim of this study was to find the association between the sports achievements of 11-year-old girls competing in the 200 m backstroke events and their sports level in the subsequent years of their career. Material and methods. The results of the sporting careers of girls who ranked from 1st to 20th in the 200 m backstroke event in the Polish Correspondence Championships for 10 and 11-Year-Old Children in 2003 were presented. Their positions taken in subsequent editions of the summer Polish championship till 2009 were the criterion of their career development. An analysis of documents was used as a scientific method. The basis for the analysis were post-competition protocols listed on the official website of the Polish Swimming Federation. Results. Only 30% of the examined athletes took part in all main events intended for their age. Less than half of them participated in the Polish 17-18-Year-Old Junior Championships organized within the Nationwide Juvenile Olympics. 40% of the girls from the studied group ended their careers before the age of 15. Four basic variants of development of a sporting career were observed in the group. Conclusions. After analyzing the athletes' careers it can be stated that a high position in the national ranking of 11-year-olds does not guarantee significant sporting achievements in later years. In the studied group of girls the stroke and distance specialization had changed in most cases (80%).

2

Impact of Training with Additional Respiratory Dead Space on Spirometry and Exercise Respiratory Pattern in Cyclists

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Habisz R., Hebisz P., Zatoń M.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2015

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vol. 9

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issue 1

75-83

EN

The aim of our 10-week-long experiment was to investigate the impact of training with additional dead space (DS) on spirometry and exercise respiration. Respiratory muscle training is applied to the development exercise capacity. Twenty cyclists were assigned to two groups: the experimental (E) and the control (C). All of them carried on with their initial training programme. During endurance trainings (twice per week) group E used additional DS (1000 cm3). Immediatelly before and after the experiment each participant was submitted to a spirometry and a continuous test. The spirometry test measured peak inspiratory (PIF) and expiratory (PEF) flows, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). The continuous test measured tidal volume (TV), respiratory frequency (RF), along with inspiration and expiration times. Our experiment demonstrated TV increase and RF decrease in both groups. In addition, the TV value was significantly higher in group E than in C. The PIF value also increased significantly, PEF and FEV1 upward trend was observed in group E only. We concluded the additional respiratory DS used in the experimental group provoked an increase of airflow observed in the spirometry tests at rest and during intensive aerobic exercise.

3

The Climbing Preferences of Advanced Rock Climbers

100%

Magiera A., Roczniok R.

Human Movement

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2013

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vol. 14

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issue 3

254-264

EN

Purpose. Previous studies have broadened the knowledge about the general characteristics of rock climbing. However, there is a lack of research on rock climbers who are at a similar performance level but have different climbing preferences. The purpose of this study was to focus on what similarities and differences are present in the anthropometric, physiological, and training characteristics of advanced rock climbers. Methods. A group of 31 advanced Polish rock climbers volunteered to participate in the study. A questionnaire was administered to determine their climbing preferences. The participants’ anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness, and aerobic power were measured using standard methods. Results. Similarities were found among the climbers in terms of the training exercises they used, their preference for certain types of rock faces and rock handholds, and their participation in different types of climbing and other sports disciplines. Differences were found among various anthropometrical characteristics, physical fitness, and training exercise frequency between climbers who preferred different climbing styles (on-sight vs. redpoint) or climbing routes (“crux” vs. “endurance”). Conclusions. During the off-season, various training exercises were used, with the majority employing specialized forms of training (bouldering, repeating previously climbed routes, and leading routes in different styles). They practised on average 10 hours a week and preferred climbing overhanging walls with edge handholds. The best results the climbers achieved in on-sight climbing were in foreign countries and by individuals with high aerobic power measured by an arm ergometer test. Climbers who achieved better results in redpointing used the Campus board more frequently when training and completed their most difficult climbs in Poland. Additional differences were noted between climbers who preferred endurance routes and those who preferred shorter climbing efforts (crux routes), with the former presenting better finger flexor muscle endurance and greater muscle mass.

4

Project - Competency Based Approach and the Ontological Model of Knowledge Representation of the Planned Learning

100%

Wojcik W., Kubekov B., Naumenko V., Narynov S., Toibayeva S., Utegenova A.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2019

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vol. 65

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issue 1

5

Lactate and glucose concentrations in assessing anaerobic capacity in an elite junior swimmer – a case study

100%

Makar P., Bielec G.

Human Movement

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2013

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vol. 14

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issue 4

360-365

EN

Purpose. The aim of the study was to assess lactate and glucose concentrations as indicators of anaerobic capacity in a highlyranked female junior swimmer. Methods. Ten trials of a 5 × 200 m backstroke step test were performed between December 2008 and July 2011. Each trial was video-recorded and blood samples were drawn from the ear lobe 1 min after completion of each step to measure lactate and glucose concentrations. Results. During maximal effort, lactate concentrations of 5.1 to 13.1 mmol · l-1 were recorded, while glucose concentration varied from 6.6 to 8.1 mmol · l-1. Correlations between lactate and glucose concentrations were significant in most tests. The shape of lactate and glucose curves revealed an improvement in the swimmer’s endurance ability during subsequent tests. Conclusions. Analysis of fluctuations in lactate and glucose concentrations appears to be a relevant indicator of the anaerobic capacity of experienced swimmers.

6

Power Training Efficiency After Single Joint and Multiple Joint Exercises

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Mastalerz A., Lutosławska G., Urbanik C.

Human Movement

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2009

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vol. 10

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issue 2

153-157

EN

Purpose. Single joint (open kinetic chain) and multiple joint (closed kinetic chain) exercises have been recommended in rehabilitation of patients with anterior knee pain. Single joint exercises are common exercises to strengthen selected muscle groups. The advantage of single joint exercises is a low risk of pain due to their limited technical complexity. Multiple joint exercises are more demanding from the standpoint of human motor performance. The efficiency of power training after single and multiple joint exercises was the aim of the study. Basic procedures. Forty eight men constituted the study sample (aged 22 ± 0.8 years, body weight - 78.3 ± 6.4 kg, body height 183 ± 5.6 cm). They were informed about the experimental procedure as well as the purpose of the study, and gave their consent to take part in the experiment. That study was approved by the local research ethics committee. After control measurements the participants were randomized into four groups (n = 12 each): two groups performing multiple joint exercises (A - jumps on an inclined plane, B - vertical jumps), and two single joint exercises (C - knee extensions with linear resistance load - elastic loads, D - knee extensions with inertial loads). The exercises were carried out in four-week exercise sessions, for five days a week. 4 sets of 10 reps (jumps or extensions) with 120-second intervals were applied during each session. The counter movement jump power (on a Kistler force plate with BioWare 4.0 software), during isokinetic knee motion at 240, 180, 60 and 30 deg/s (Biodex Medical System 3 Pro) and EMG (Mega Electronics System) of the Rectus Femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles were recorded seven times (once before, three times during and three times after training). Main findings. The external load for single and multiple joint exercises was adjusted by individual power of motion. However the training volume (external work) was lowered twice during training with single joint exercises. Muscle force during isokinetic tests was significantly correlated with velocity achieved during training. Therefore the homogeneity of the movement structure between training and control exercises is required. Conclusions. Velocity of motion during exercise and time of muscle work are the most important factors determining efficiency of single- and multiple-joint exercises.

7

The State of Knowledge of Dietary, Physiological and Pharmacological Supplementation and the Preferential Use of These Substances by Persons Practising Recreational Bodybuilding

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Kruszewski M., Jagiełło W., Kutwin R.

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

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2012

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vol. 4

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issue 3

180-188

EN

Background: The aim of the study was to establish preferential use of dietary, physiological and pharmacological supplementation by persons practising recreational bodybuilding and to check whether it results from the respondents’ knowledge or whether it is accidental. Material/Methods: The group of subjects comprised 100 persons practising recreational bodybuilding in four well-known Lodz gyms. In the study the method of a diagnostic survey was used. A questionnaire containing 31 closed and opened questions constituted the research tool. Results: It was demonstrated that the state of knowledge concerning dietary supplementation is insufficient, despite its optimistic self-assessment, and because of that the preferences as to the applied nutrients are inappropriate. The knowledge of physiological supplementation substances and preferences of their use seem appropriate, although the multitude of the mentioned means can attest to information chaos in this respect. Results of the poll seem to show that the problem of illegal pharmacological supplementation refers not only to professional sports but also, unfortunately, to recreation. Conclusions: It is recommended to conduct a widespread informative action among persons practising recreational bodybuilding to make them aware of dietary supplementation. The majority of respondents have a sufficient level of knowledge of means of physiological supplementation, and preferences of using them seem correct. Even though the state of knowledge concerning health complications hazards when taking prohibited pharmacological supplementation should be regarded as high, still the majority of the subjects (58%) do not reject the possibility of using it. Inconsistencies of attitudes among persons practising bodybuilding recreationally manifest themselves through simultaneous support for anti-doping tests and the desire to take advantage of unlawful pharmacological supplementation.

8

The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training Program on Visual Search Performance

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Krzepota J., Zwierko T., Puchalska-Niedbał L., Markiewicz M., Florkiewicz B., Lubiński W.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2015

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vol. 46

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issue 1

231-240

EN

In this study, we conducted an experiment in which we analyzed the possibilities to develop visual skills by specifically targeted training of visual search. The aim of our study was to investigate whether, for how long and to what extent a training program for visual functions could improve visual search. The study involved 24 healthy students from the Szczecin University who were divided into two groups: experimental (12) and control (12). In addition to regular sports and recreational activities of the curriculum, the subjects of the experimental group also participated in 8-week long training with visual functions, 3 times a week for 45 min. The Signal Test of the Vienna Test System was performed four times: before entering the study, after first 4 weeks of the experiment, immediately after its completion and 4 weeks after the study terminated. The results of this experiment proved that an 8-week long perceptual training program significantly differentiated the plot of visual detecting time. For the visual detecting time changes, the first factor, Group, was significant as a main effect (F(1,22)=6.49, p<0.05) as well as the second factor, Training (F(3,66)=5.06, p<0.01). The interaction between the two factors (Group vs. Training) of perceptual training was F(3,66)=6.82 (p<0.001). Similarly, for the number of correct reactions, there was a main effect of a Group factor (F(1,22)=23.40, p<0.001), a main effect of a Training factor (F(3,66)=11.60, p<0.001) and a significant interaction between factors (Group vs. Training) (F(3,66)=10.33, p<0.001). Our study suggests that 8-week training of visual functions can improve visual search performance.

9

Influence of special coordination exercises on the level of policemen's self-defence skills

100%

Maczuga T., Cynarski W. J.

Physical Activity Review

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2021

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vol. 2

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issue 9

130-141

EN

Introduction: The main aim of the study was to find out the impact of special coordination training on the level of technical skills in the field of self-defence on a policeman during basic vocational training. Method: The studies used the classical experiment method and the parallel group technique. The study was carried out using the classic experiment with a pre-test (1st measurement) and post-test (2nd measurement), and included the following groups: research (experimental teaching shaping coordination skills) and control (traditional teaching). Results: In both the experimental and traditional training groups, there was an improvement in the rating of defence against each of the three attacks. Simple effects analyses were performed, which showed that the increase in self-defence skills was higher in the experimental training group than in the traditional training group. Conclusions: Experimental training, which takes into account the development of coordination skills in its training, contributes to a better improvement of the ability to repel an attack than traditional training. A higher level of skills in the field of repelling an attack on a policeman allows for the conclusion that without the need to increase the number of hours of program training, it is possible to more effectively prepare policemen to act effectively, adequately and safely during an intervention.

10

Development of Coordination Motor Abilities (CMA) in the System of Long-Term Preparation of Athletes

100%

Lyakh V., Sadowski J., Witkowski Z.

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

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2011

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vol. 18

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issue 3

187-191

EN

The article attempts to summarize the current knowledge on the preparation of coordination in combat sports and team games. It has been discussed: the basic principles of CMA training, complexity of coordination exercises, the duration of load and rest breaks, the systematic use of special exercises creating the most important CMA and factor of sensitivity and lateralisation in the development of CMA. The directions for further researches have been marked out.

11

Quality of sports training and the biological adaptation of athletes to race walking

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Jelonek J., Wiesław P., Świat M., Michalski C., Stec K.

Physical Activity Review

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2017

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vol. 5

212-221

EN

The aim of the presented work is to describe the different trends in race walkers training and the biological adaptation of the body to the applied stresses, and to characterize the other phenomena accompanying this sport. The article is equally concerned with the scientific premises as well as the practical training indications. For a deeper characterization of the discussed problems, the biological considerations that underpin the selection of people to practice race walking are broadly described. It has been shown that diagnostic test that reveal the overall exercise potential of the body are useful tools in this area, and its specific development is related to the use of balanced training in which the most difficult part is to strive for optimal mastery of the sport walking technique. It was also suggested, that physiological, biomechanical and dietary determinants, which are assessed in scientific laboratories would be helpful for trainers and race walkers in achieving championship in race walking. The general nature of race walking was supplemented with a description of the social phenomena associated with this sport competition. The conclusions drawn in this article indicate the importance of mastering the technique of walking, the predisposition to practicing this sport, the importance of a coach in achieving high sports results, and the opportunity of health benefits mainly through the practice of recreational walking.

12

Oarsmen's Views about the Effects of Training on their Daily Lives. Applying Goffman's Theory in the Rowing Communes.

100%

Koukouris K., Panagiotis G., Nikos V.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2009

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vol. 46

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issue 1

194-207

EN

Research on the social dimension of rowing is underrepresented in the coaching science literature. It is well known in rowing circles that many problems arise from the training process in the rowing communes. The complaints of the oarsmen regarding specific problems during the training process in rowing communes were examined in this study. Fourteen oarsmen from Northern Greece with experience from rowing communes were selected and gave in-depth interviews. The complaints expressed by the oarsmen in interviews include the following: Athletic failure in major international events, as expressed subjectively by the oarsmen, results from fatigue prior to events, the incorrect timing of competitive goals (selection in the national team versus success in the international events) and the lack of meritocracy in the selection of oarsmen for the national team. Oarsmen of the national team neglect their studies and their professional future. During their stay in rowing communes the oarsmen are cut off from their social contacts. All oarsmen agreed that competing for a place in the team is a greater source of stress than the actual competition itself. Oarsmen believe that the presence of Greece in international competitions results from the efforts of athletes rather than those of coaches and administrators.

13

Influence of Hypoxia Training on the Aerobic Capacity of an Elite Race Walker

100%

Maciejczyk M., Sudoł G., Szyguła Z.

Human Movement

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2012

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vol. 13

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issue 4

360-366

EN

Purpose. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a combination of two different hypoxic training models (“live high-train high” and “live high-train low” with the use of a hypoxic tent) on the aerobic capacity of a elite race walker preparing for the 2009 IAAF World Championships. Methods. Evaluation of VO2max and the second ventilatory threshold was performed three times: 1) after four weeks training without hypoxic conditions, 2) after 28 days training in normoxia and sleeping for 8 h/day in a hypoxic tent (normobaric hypoxia, simulated hypoxia at 2133 m above sea level) and 3) after 26 days of classical altitude training at a moderate altitude of about 1800 m ASL (hypobaric hypoxia). The hematological parameters of the athlete’s blood (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocytes and reticulocytes counts) were also measured after each stage. Results. After training in normoxia and sleeping in a hypoxic tent the ventilatory threshold was noted at a higher work intensity and featured an improvement in his hematological parameters, although VO2max was unchanged (compared to training without hypoxia). After classical altitude training a higher level of VO2max was observed (with a ventilatory threshold level similar to the level after training in normobaric hypoxia), but the hematological indices were lower than the levels observed before starting hypoxic training. Conclusions. The combination of two methods of hypoxic training improved the aerobic capacity of the test subject, but an improvement in the analyzed hematological indicators was observed only after LH + TL training. After training in LH + TH these indicators were lower in comparison to the levels prior hypoxic training. The changes in the hematological indices after hypoxic training did not seem to have a significant influence on aerobic capacity; the observed improvements in physical performance may result from other factors.

14

Ideological conditioning of martial arts training

100%

Cynarski W.

Physical Activity Review

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2018

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vol. 6

14-21

EN

Background and Study Aim: The impact of ideas on teaching and training in martial arts has not been widely studied yet. Novum here is specially designed methodology – by expert’s judgements, not directly. On the ground of General Theory of Fighting Arts, the question is: How do i deological (philosophical, religious) conditions affect the process of training in different martial arts? The scope of research was limited to contemporary Europe and selected martial arts organizations (1980 -2015). Method: The first method used here is based on analysis of the content of the literature of the subject, or rather qualitative analysis of the discourse. Then the opinions and teaching of 5 highest rank masters of martial arts from France, Germany and Poland were taken into account (expert cour t method). It comes to this own, long -standing participant observation of the author. Results: There are 5 issues taken from the literature of the subject and 5 of their western applications, according to master -teachers’ teaching. They represent the classic canon of martial arts. The attitude to martial arts traditions varies from preference towards faithfulness to innovation. Disciples of Asian masters are more often in favour of the original version of the curriculum. Conclusions: Most of the ideological content of today's Asian martial arts comes from the philosophy of Taoism. In many cases the symbols and rules derive rather from the cultural traditions of the country of origin of the martial arts, rather than directly from certain religious or philosop hical systems. The attitude of widely perceived perfectionism is one of these universal values of martial arts, which is worth promoting regardless of world- view.

15

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers

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Ostrowski A., Strzała M., Stanula A., Juszkiewicz M., Pilch W., Maszczyk A.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2012

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vol. 32

197-210

EN

Freediving is a sport in which athletes aim to achieve the longest or the deepest breath-hold dive. Divers are at risk of gradually increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia due to a long time spent underwater and additionally of increasing hyperoxia while depth diving. Exceeding the limits of hypoxia endurance leads to loss of consciousness or even to death whithout immediate first aid. Often enhanced world records indicate the ability to shape specific to the discipline adaptive mechanisms of cardio-pulmonary system which are individually conditioned. During stay underwater heartbeats decelerating called bradycardia, increase in blood pressure, peripheral blood vessels narrowing and blood centralization in freediver's organism. These mechanisms enhance blood oxygen management as well as transporting it first of all to essential for survival organs, i.e. brain and heart. These mechanisms are supported by spleen and adrenal glands hormonal reactions.

16

Altitude Training and its Influence on Physical Endurance in Swimmers

100%

Strzała M., Ostrowski A., Szyguła Z.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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vol. 28

91-105

EN

It is possible to plan an altitude training (AT) period in such a way that the enhanced physical endurance obtained as a result of adaptation to hypoxia will appear and can be used to improve performance in competition. Yet finding rationales for usage of AT in highly trained swimmers is problematic. In practice AT, in its various forms, is still controversial, and an objective review of research concentrating on the advantages and disadvantages of AT has been presented in several scientific publications, including in no small part the observations of swimmers. The aim of this article is to review the various methods and present both the advantageous and unfavourable physiological changes that occur in athletes as a result of AT. Moreover, AT results in the sport of swimming have been collected. They include an approach towards primary models of altitude/hypoxic training: live high + train high, live high + train low, live low + train high, as well as subsequent methods: Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure (IHE) and Intermittent Hypoxic Training (IHT). Apnoea training, which is descended from freediving, is also mentioned, and which can be used with, or as a substitute for, the well-known IHE or IHT methods. In conclusion, swimmers who train using hypoxia may be among the best-trained athletes, and that even a slight improvement in physical endurance might result in the shortening of a swimming time in a given competition, and the achievement of a personal best, which is hard to obtain by normal training methods, when the personal results of the swimmer have reached a plateau.

17

Generic versus specific sprint training in young soccer players

100%

Jastrzebski Z., Radziminski L., Dargiewicz R., Jaskulska E., Barnat W., Rompa P.

|

EN

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of two 8-week sprint training programs on the speed and sport-specific skills of young soccer players and to determine additional effects of 8 weeks’ whole body rotation. Material/Methods: Twenty-two Under-18 soccer players were divided into two groups: a running group (RG) and a ball group (BG). The RG completed sprint training without the ball, whereas the BG members trained with the ball. The 5-, 10-, 15-, 20- and 30-m sprint times and the level of soccer-specific skills were measured before and after completing the training programs. Results: A significant (p < 0.05) time interaction was found in sprint times at all distances. The players from both groups achieved significantly better sprint times on the distances of 15 m and 30 m; additionally, an improvement in the 20 m sprint time was noted in the BG. No significant changes in the level of soccer-specific skills were found. Conclusions: Sprint training performed with a ball might be equally efficient as a traditional non-ball method for developing players’ speed. Moreover, soccer-specific sprint training may improve certain technical skills in young players.

18

The Relationship Between 500 M and 2000 M Simulated Rowing Times for Schoolboy Rowers Over a Training Period of Three Years

100%

Petrykowski A., Lutosławska G.

Human Movement

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2011

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vol. 12

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issue 2

147-152

EN

Purpose. Available data finds that for schoolboy rowers the 2000 m on-water or laboratory rowing distance causes fatigue and depresses their ability to train during the following days. Thus, looking for a less demanding test we evaluated the relationships between 500 m and 2000 m laboratory performance in schoolboy rowers. Basic procedures. A total of 10 boys participated in the study. All of the subjects simulated rowing "all-out" in either the 500 m or 2000 m rowing distance using a Concept II ergometer (Morsville, VT, USA). The tests were performed in November (transition phase), in January (general preparation phase), in March (specific preparation phase) and in June (competitive phase) throughout three successive years of training. Main findings. The mean power output during the 2000 m row gradually increased in the second year of training vs. the first one, and in the third year of training vs. the second one (p < 0.001). The times markedly improved in each year of training (p < 0.001). The mean power output and the time of the 500 m distance improved significantly in each year of training. In each training phase during the three years of training there were significant correlations between the rowing times in the 500 m and 2000 m distances. The coefficients of determination (r2 x 100) in the first year varied from 66.9 to 85.6%, in the second year - from 62.0% to 92.3%, and in the third year - from 76.4 to 89.5%. Conclusions. The relationship between the times measured in the of the 500 m and that of 2000 m one is affected by both the annual training phase and training experience. Thus, the 500 m laboratory rowing test may be useful in assessing the ability of schoolboy rowers to perform a competitive distance, but the results require careful interpretation.

19

The need for specific first aid and emergency knowledge whilst trekking in remote areas – results of the ADEMED (Aachen DEntal and MEDical) Expedition to the Annapurna region, Nepal

88%

Scharfenberg C., Lechner K., Giet S. v. d., Hettlich M., Schöffl V., Morrison A., Küpper T.

Health Promotion & Physical Activity

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2021

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vol. 14

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issue 1

17-24

EN

Introduction: Fellow trekkers are often the first responders to their comrades in remote settings. Not everyone undertakes First Aid (FA) training when travelling to remote settings away from comprehensive healthcare, whether travelling independently or in a group. The syllabus of standard urbanised FA courses does not fully cover the needs of such trekkers (ie altitude illnesses). We evaluated the FA and emergency knowledge of trekkers en route in the remote Nepalese Himalayas.Material and methods: A questionnaire about FA, trekking emergencies and water hygiene knowledge was completed by a cohort of 453 trekkers passing through Manang (3,519 m), Nepal, who volunteered their participation. A previously validated questionnaire consisted of 20 multiple choice questions (each using a five-point Likert scale) was used, followed by a subjective self-assessment of 17 key topics using a 5-point rating scale from very good to unsatisfactory knowledge. Demographic data including FA and climbing experience was also collected.Results: The participants generally showed a poor knowledge in FA and trekking emergencies, even though 20.8% had some occupational medical training. In total 59.5% of possible answers were answered correctly. On average each participant managed to answer only one out of 20 questions (5.4%) completely correct. The most unsatisfactory results concerned the following topics, each with only 2.4% correct answers: hypothermia/resuscitation, rescue strategies and rip fractures. The best results were for HACE 33.8%, cranio-cerebral injury 33.6%, angina pectoris/heart attack 31.8% and hypovolemic shock 28.7%. The majority of participants had very limited experience of climbing mountains, rock climbing or ice climbing.Conclusions: This study provides essential data identifying deficiencies in standard FA courses that are targeted for urban settings, and not for trekkers in a remote setting far away from comprehensive health care and rescue. There is a need to develop readily accessible FA curriculums specific to trekkers that would provide education on preventative care prior to, during, and after treks, and to improve their knowledge of medical care of trekking injuries and emergencies.

20

Match duration and number of rallies in men´s and women´s 2000-2010 FIVB world tour beach volleyball

88%

Palao J. M., Valades D., Ortega E.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2012

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vol. 34

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issue 1

99-104

EN

After the 2000 Olympic Games, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) modified the scoring system used in beach volleyball from side-out to a rally point system. The goal was to facilitate the comprehension of the game and to stabilize match duration. The purpose of this study was to assess the duration and number of rallies in men´s and women´s beach volleyball matches (2000-2010 FIVB World Tour). Data from 14,432 men´s matches and 14,175 women´s matches of the 2000-2010 World Tour were collected. The variables studied were: match duration, total rallies per set and match, number of sets, team that won the set and match, type of match (equality in score), and gender. The average match duration in beach volleyball is stable, ranging from 30 to 64 minutes, regardless of the number of sets, the stage of the tournament (qualifying round or main draw), or gender. The average number of rallies per match were 78-80 for two-set matches and 94-96 for three-set matches. Matches from the main draw are more balanced than matches from the qualifying round. More balanced matches (smaller point difference between teams) have longer durations. It is not clear why there is no relationship between the number of rallies and match duration. Future studies are needed to clarify this aspect. The results can serve as a reference to guide beach volleyball training (with regard to duration and number of rallies) and to help understand the effect of the rule change.

Refine search results

Variants of Development of Sports Career of 11-Year-Old Female Swimmers

Impact of Training with Additional Respiratory Dead Space on Spirometry and Exercise Respiratory Pattern in Cyclists

The Climbing Preferences of Advanced Rock Climbers

Project - Competency Based Approach and the Ontological Model of Knowledge Representation of the Planned Learning

Lactate and glucose concentrations in assessing anaerobic capacity in an elite junior swimmer – a case study

Power Training Efficiency After Single Joint and Multiple Joint Exercises

The State of Knowledge of Dietary, Physiological and Pharmacological Supplementation and the Preferential Use of These Substances by Persons Practising Recreational Bodybuilding

The Efficiency of a Visual Skills Training Program on Visual Search Performance

Influence of special coordination exercises on the level of policemen's self-defence skills

Development of Coordination Motor Abilities (CMA) in the System of Long-Term Preparation of Athletes

Quality of sports training and the biological adaptation of athletes to race walking

Oarsmen's Views about the Effects of Training on their Daily Lives. Applying Goffman's Theory in the Rowing Communes.

Influence of Hypoxia Training on the Aerobic Capacity of an Elite Race Walker

Ideological conditioning of martial arts training

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers

Altitude Training and its Influence on Physical Endurance in Swimmers

Generic versus specific sprint training in young soccer players

The Relationship Between 500 M and 2000 M Simulated Rowing Times for Schoolboy Rowers Over a Training Period of Three Years

The need for specific first aid and emergency knowledge whilst trekking in remote areas – results of the ADEMED (Aachen DEntal and MEDical) Expedition to the Annapurna region, Nepal