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EN
Iron reach tektite represented by indochinite was examined by using EMP and XRD after 120 min long heating in oxide atmosphere at 1100°C. The electron microprobe analyses as well as BSE images reveal loss of iron in tektite bulk composition. Iron as a element was incorporated into a new, probable mineral phase that is mostly present on the surface of the indochinite. Size and textural relation of the Fe-rich phase does not permit to analize it. XRD data does not reveal presence of any mineral rich in Fe including metallic iron.
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EN
In this paper, results of melting experiment of tektites are presented. Tektites from four strewnfields: North American, Central European, Ivory Coast and Australasian were used. The fragments of investigated tektites were heated in oxide atmosphere in 1100oC in two time intervals: 5 and 120 minutes. The temperature of 1100oC is too low for completely melting of the studied material despite to heating in the same conditions but in small area (eg. in a spot).
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Moldavites represent tektites derived from the Ries impact structure ca. 14 Ma. in southern Germany. Approximately 36 moldavite specimens from Poland have been reported since 2012. Characteristic moldavites features, especially bubbles and inclusions of lechatelierite, are reported in all found moldavites. Almost all of them are genetically connected with the Miocene Gozdnica Formation. Only two have been found in Pleistocene sediments, which are part of the Nysa Łużyca river terrace sediments. In 2020, four more moldavites have been collected from Poland. One specimen was found in Gozdnica village, and the other three in Jaroszów village, which is located ~10 km east of Strzegom. Numerous moldavites are generally found in Poland, widely distributed based on the distance from the Ries crater, exceeding 500 km, experimentally determined based on the transport mechanism. However, the lack of the autochthonous tektites indicates that tektites investigated up to now, had to be redeposited in a fluvial environment, probably from the Lusatian area as well as from the Czech Republic.
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Moldavite are result of melting and mixing of ejecta Cenozoic deposits from Ries crater. The Czech moldavites have different Al, Ca and Si content in contrast to tektites from Lusatian area. Differences in chemical composition of moldavites are caused by local interbedded layers of Tertiary Obere Süâwasser Molasse, which are represented by: quartz sands and limestons with clays.
EN
A tektite is a rare natural glass that forms when an extra-terrestrial body struck the Earth. Tektites can be found in at least five widely separated locations on Earth, which are called strewn fields. There are four known strewn fields: the 35.5 Ma North American strewn field (linked to the Chesapeake crater, North America), the 14.4 Ma Central European strewn field (linked to the Ries crater in Germany), the Ivory Coast strewn field of unknown age (linked to the Bosumtwi crater in Ghana, West Africa), and the 0.8 Ma Australasian strewn field (source crater still unknown, although a large crater in Western Cambodia, Lake Tonle Sap, has been proposed). The last strewn field is known for the distribution of the biggest tektite group (i.e., philippinites, billitonites, javanites, indochinites). A tektite on Havelock Island in India, has also been recently identified. This is the first tektite reported from the Andaman and Nicobar islands. This tektite is composed of indochinite, having a typical dark colour and diagnostic chemical composition. Morphologically, a lack of cracks and abraded edges, both indicate short transport and rapid shallow burial.
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EN
Bubbles in tektites can be formed by several different mechanisms. A review of published data has shown that the gas pressure in the bubbles is generally low. Composition of the contained gases published in most articles sharply differs from the composition of the terrestrial atmosphere.
EN
In this study, fragment of the Libyan Desert Glass was investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron microprobe (EMP). The analyses reveal two differ areas in chemistry. the first one is homogenous in composition, but the second one is slightly enriched in Ti, and Fe content. During SEM and EMP observation, a relict of primary minerals was noted as a cracked zircon crystals.
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EN
In Lower Silesia, in the late Miocene sediments moldavites were discovered. Finding of polish moldavites may change the existing model of tektites distribution, after the impact in the Ries crater area. Further studies are planned and should bring a new information.
EN
Up to now, twenty Polish moldavites were recovered from fluvial deposits of Gozdnica formation. Apart from typical bottle green colour, moldavites also yield other typical features for tektites like presence of bubbles and inclusions of lechatelierite. Low degree of corrosion and palaeogeography suggest river transport flow from Lusatia to the east direction in the Miocene.
EN
This article complements the previous publication included in the materials for the 2nd Meteorite Seminar in Olsztyn in 2003 and also in 2004 in Meteoritics & Planetary Science with artifacts about which I did not write then and new discoveries. In recent time, archaeologists have discovered more confirmed artifacts that were made of meteorites. Scientists were puzzled that iron objects were found among the artifacts of the Bronze Age. Initially, it was assumed that these were the beginnings of metallurgy, but after careful research, it turned out that they are cold-forged items and the metal is of cosmic origin. How many more interesting and unusual old artifacts made by human hands from materials obtained from outer space will be discovered. Can there be more such artifacts in museums in Poland? It seems to me that a comprehensive inventory and research action should be carried out to verify this. Finally, as a lawyer, I can add that artifacts made of meteorites are the only meteorites in the world protected by law in one hundred percent, because they are monuments of world material culture.
EN
The oldest evidence and records of catastrophic falls of large space rocks are undoubtedly impact craters that are studied by geologists. However, in historical times, i.e. the times of the emergence and development of human cultures, there are also records discovered by the latest geological but also archaeological research. Among the most spectacular are the discoveries of Chinese archaeologists. They link the invention of stone tools made on both sides (including fists and hatchets) almost 800,000 years ago in the area of the Bose Valley in Guangxi in southern China with the decline of tektites in the Middle Paleolithic. With the development and invention of writing, they are also reflected in sculptures, written texts, poems, notes and chronicles. Scientists believe that rock-carved symbols found in the world’s oldest temple, Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey, dated to over 10,000 BC, are evidence that a comet caused the Little Ice Age. Also worth mentioning is the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is probably the oldest written story on Earth. Originally from ancient Sumeria, it was written in cuneiform on 12 clay tablets. It follows the adventures of the historical king of Uruk, somewhere between 2750 and 2500 BC. According to the translated text of the recently discovered new cuneiform tablets, on the so-called In the first Tablet, there is a record of a large meteorite that fell to the ground. However, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah described in the Bible, as recent research has shown, is also the result of a cosmic body that fell in this region of Jordan.
EN
In the 1960s demonstrated that the Ries-Steinheim craters, located in the south of Germany and tektites types moldavites are the same age. Ries crater strewnfield covers eastern Germany, the Czech Republic and northern Austria. A few old scientific studies have not given a clear answer about model creation and the actual size of moldavite strewnfield. For this reason 11 years ago created a model that was to clarify these issues.
EN
It should be emphasized that the tektites have been permanently linked in many regions of the Earth with the history of mankind. One of the oldest finds is the Vltavite amulet, which was found in a Cro-Magnon settlement, that is 29,000 years ago. Prehistoric tools made of tektites are found at various archaeological sites around the world. Wherever there are tektites, man has used them in various ways: as tools, objects of worship, magic objects or healing objects. They also appear in many legends as magic stones, e.g. in China in the 10th century AD, tektites were collected as “stones of the god of thunder”. Some shamans believe that they have the power to transmit and receive messages over long distances and that they have properties that protect against disease. Aborigines in Australia believed that they had enormous power in rites of raining down and that they were also remedies for many ailments. In fact, tektites have always been associated with magic, highly appreciated by people and they are still enjoys great interest among scientists all over the world. The above conclusions can be reached by analyzing many discoveries and scientific research in the areas of tektite occurrence.
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