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The Difference in Visual Skills Between Expert Versus Novice Soccer Referees

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Ghasemi A., Momeni M., Rezaee M., Gholami A.

Journal of Human Kinetics

2009

vol. 22

15-20

The aim of this study was to compare the visual skills of expert and novice soccer referees. Twenty expert soccer referees, twenty two novice soccer referees and twenty non-athletes male students were investigated for facility of accommodation, peripheral vision, eye saccadic movements and speed of recognition. The results showed that the expert soccer referees were superior in all of the visual skills, but there was no significant difference between novice referees and non-athletes. This substantial difference between expert and novice soccer referees implies that these visual skills are important for refereeing soccer. For detecting other visual skills in soccer, referees must use visual skills from other programs. This study suggested that talent identification and development of visual abilities among soccer referees is of fundamental importance to success.

Nutritional Adaptations in Elite Soccer Referees: First Evidence and Perspectives

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Metz L., Deleuze T., Pereira B., Thivel D.

Journal of Human Kinetics

2015

vol. 46

issue 1

77-83

Although the physiological cost of refereeing has been already studied in the literature, especially in soccer umpires, it remains unknown whether referees spontaneously adapt their energy intake during game days. Six national soccer referees completed 24-hour dietary recalls (assisted by the SU.VI.MAX copybook) during a control day (CON) and a day with a game (GAME). The stress level and hunger feelings were assessed using visual analogue scales. Total energy intake, energy derived from macronutrients and energy intake at each meal were analyzed using the Bilnuts nutrition software. Total daily energy intake was not significantly different between conditions (CON: 2270 ± 535 vs. GAME: 2782 ± 293). Energy derived from fat and protein was not different between conditions but the participants ingested more calories derived from carbohydrates during the GAME day (45.5 ± 5.9% vs. 54.9 ± 5.5%, respectively, p<0.05). The calories ingested during snacking were significantly increased during GAME compared with CON (p<0.05). The stress level was significantly higher during GAME and especially before the breakfast, lunch and snack (p<0.05). Hunger feeling was not different between conditions. Referring leads to nutritional adaptations in elite soccer umpires, who tend to increase their energy intake mainly during snacking, by increasing their carbohydrate consumption.

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2 Journal of Human Kinetics

1 2015

1 2009

1 Deleuze T.

1 Ghasemi A.

1 Gholami A.

1 Metz L.

1 Momeni M.

1 Pereira B.

1 Rezaee M.

1 Thivel D.

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The Difference in Visual Skills Between Expert Versus Novice Soccer Referees

Nutritional Adaptations in Elite Soccer Referees: First Evidence and Perspectives