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Sex differences in the blood biochemical parameters of the fresh water fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1789)

100%
Kulkarni R. S.
World News of Natural Sciences
|
2017
|
vol. 6
36-43
EN
Before blood constituents data can be applied as a diagnostic tool, general patterns related to sex, season and collection of fish and location need to be well documented and understood. The sex of the fish may also influence the blood parameters. In turn, the values of the different blood biochemical parameters significantly influence the physiological factors and sex of the fish. Hence, there is a need to assess before reporting the biochemical indices of the fish species. The present study was undertaken to know the difference between male and female blood biochemical parameters of the fish, Notopterus notopterus. The blood biochemical measurements included glucose, protein, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, enzymes-SGPT, SGOT and alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, the electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorous were compared with regard to sex. Moreover, the effect of sex on quantitative changes in fish blood was studied. The blood parameters between the sexes indicated that male fishes consistently had higher level of all biochemical parameters than did the female fishes, and this study may be a proposal as means of sexing fish. This indicates that the male fish is biochemically and nutritionally richer than the female; in female fish this effect may come about because much of the metabolites and nutrients are continuously being exhausted in the development of gonads (ovary). The results of this study could be used for monitoring the health and the physiological condition of the fish, Notopterus notopterus in a particular aquatic body.
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Freestyle versus butterfly swimming performance – effects of age and sex

100%
Zingg M. A., Wolfrum M., Rüst C. A., Rosemann T., Lepers R., Knechtle B.
Human Movement
|
2014
|
vol. 15
|
issue 1
25-35
EN
Purpose. Recent studies have suggested that the age of peak freestyle swimming speed is reached earlier in life in women than in men. However, no study has investigated the age of peak swimming speed in other swimming styles such as butterfly. The aims of the present study were to investigate the age of peak swimming speed in elite male and female butterfly and freestyle swimmers at the national level (Switzerland) and the sex differences in both the age of peak swimming speed and swimming speed for both swimming styles. Methods. Results of the elite Swiss swimmers between 2006 and 2010 were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Results. In butterfly, women achieved peak swimming speed at 20-21 years in the 50 m, 100 m and 200 m, whereas men reached their fastest swimming speed in the 50 m at 20-21 years and in both the 100 m and 200 m at 18-19 years. In freestyle, women achieved peak swimming speed at 20-21 years for all distances. Men were the fastest at 22-23 years for both the 100 m and 200 m and at 26-27 years for the 50 m. In the butterfly, the sex difference in swimming speed was highest in the 50 m and lowest in the 200 m (14.1% ± 0.2 in the 50 m, 12.6% ± 1.0 in the 100 m and 8.7% ± 1.8 in the 200 m). Additionally, the sex difference in freestyle swimming speed was highest in the 50 m and lowest in the 200 m (16.2% ± 0.5 in the 50 m, 15.9% ± 0.4 in 100 m and 14.9% ± 1.0 in 200 m). Conclusions. These findings suggest that peak swimming speed was achieved earlier in life in men compared with women for the 100 m and 200 m butterfly distances but not in the 50 m butterfly. In freestyle, peak swimming speed was achieved at younger ages in women compared with men. The sex difference in peak swimming speed was lower in the butterfly than in freestyle.
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