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EN
Introduction. The aim of this work was to assess selected validity criteria of motor tasks included in Batak Lite. The tasks are used to control coordination motor abilities in athletes of different sports. Material and methods. Twenty male Greco-Roman wrestlers from the sports school SMS in Radom were included in the study. They were 17-18 years of age and their training experience was 4-7.5 years long. The validity of motor tasks was determined on the basis of two criteria, i.e. reliability and diagnostic accuracy. To define the reliability of the tests, the research was carried out twice with an interval of 5-7-days (test-retest). Diagnostic accuracy of selected indices was determined with the help of three main criteria. The analysis included 6 motor tasks performed with the use of Batak Lite. Results. Tests I, II, IV and V are characterised by reliability coefficients higher than 0.50 and, regardless of the assumed accuracy criterion, by coefficients higher than 0.30. Thus, they meet the validity requirements within the assessed criteria. The highest accuracy coefficients were observed in motor tests assessing quick reaction (r = 0.46-0.63), simple reaction including sensory (r = 0.61-0.78), motor (r = 0.33-0.46) and complex (r = 0.34-0.49) reactions as well as spatio-temporal orientation (r = 0.33-0.49) and movement coupling (r = 0.34-0.49). Conclusions. Four Batak Lite tests displayed sufficient reliability and diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, they can be implemented in the training process of wrestlers. The strongest correlation was noted between Batak Lite tests and motor tests that assessed quick reaction, spatio-temporal orientation and movement coupling.
EN
The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability of normalization methods for the infraspinatus muscle in a group of healthy subjects. Twelve healthy subjects (male=8, female=4) performed the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with examiner`s resistance, MVIC with a digital tension-meter (MVIC-DT), and sub-MVIC methods. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from the infraspinatus muscles according to normalization methods. Reliability was analyzed using the intra-class coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable difference (MDD). The results of the present study demonstrated that the sub-MVIC method has excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.92) with a relatively small SEM (5.9 mV) and MDD95 (16.4 mV), compared to MVIC-DT (ICC=0.73; SEM=11.2 mV; MDD95: 31 mV) and MVIC-E (ICC=0.5; SEM=15.7 mV; MDD95: 43.6 mV). These findings provide evidence that sub-MVIC is more appropriate for comparing the EMG activity for the infraspinatus muscle as a normalization method. If MVIC for normalization is needed, MVIC-DT is more appropriate than MVIC-E.
EN
Background: To date, reliability of ultrasound imaging (USI) measures of the abdominal muscles in children during the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test has not been confirmed. The aim of this study is to assess the intra-rater reliability of USI in measuring of the thickness and percent thickness change of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO) and transversus abdominis (TrA) on both sides of the body during the ASLR test. Material/Methods: Thirty-two healthy children between 10-12 years old participated in the study. Three repeated USI measurements were recorded, in supine and resting positions and during the ASLR test. In supine position, measurements were collected at the end of normal expiration. In the case of ASLR, measurements were collected when the person undergoing examination touched the transverse delimiter with the distal part of the lower leg. A repeat session of the measurements was carried out 6 to 8 days later. Results: The use of mean value of the three repeated measurements showed that ICC3.3 fluctuated from 0.81 to 0.97 for OE, OI and TrA in resting position and during the ASLR test. In terms of percentage change of muscle thickness, the ICC3.3 result obtained for TrA, OE and IO were 0.86, 0.83 and 0.78, respectively. Conclusions: The USI evaluation of the lateral abdominal muscles thickness at rest has high reliability in children between 10-12 years old. The USI of the actual thickness and reflex activity of OE, OI and TrA during the ASLR test, based on three repeated measurements, is also reliable. It is recommended to perform three repeated measurements for children between 10-12 years old. There is still a need to seek solutions that will decrease the SDD value while evaluating the reflex activity of the lateral abdominal muscles during the ASLR test.
EN
The aim of this study was to trial several attacking offensive sequences as representative for further use in research on the perceptual-cognitive skills of water polo players. Elite water polo coaches were presented with separate test film sequences encompassing 80 structured water polo offensive plays. Each clip was approximately 6 s–7 s long with an inter-clip interval of 5 s–10 s, where a red dot was displayed on-screen at the start of the clip to indicate the area of first appearance of the ball. The order of presentation of the video clips was counterbalanced and randomly determined. The criteria were scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale. From the 80 clips presented, only 56 showed high agreement (W = 1; p < 0.05) and internal consistence reliability between the expert observers (α = 0.980; p < 0.05). Furthermore, a very high reproducibility (Z = 0; p = 1) was obtained between viewing sessions. The results obtained determine that 56 offensive scenarios were representative of the water polo game and as such may be useful in evaluating the perceptual-cognitive skills of the players.
EN
The present research is designed to continue exploration of the reliability and validity of the 2 × 2 and trichotomous achievement goal frameworks in Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) Turkish undergraduate physical activity courses. One hundred and fifty eight Turkish undergraduate students (116 males; 42 females) served as participants. They completed both the trichotomous and 2 × 2 achievement goal scales. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to examine and construct the validity of both the 2 × 2 and trichotomous achievement goal models. The results showed that the 2 × 2 achievement goal model represents an adequate fit to the data (X 2/df = 1.66, CFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.93, NNFI = 0.89, and RMSEA = 0.06). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the mastery-approach, performance-approach, mastery-avoidance, and performance-avoidance goals were 0.65, 0.68, 0.72, and 0.60, respectively, indicating acceptable internal consistency. However, CFA analysis pointed out that the trichotomous achievement goal model provided a poor fit to the data (X 2/df = 1.59, CFI = 0.85, GFI = 0.88, NNFI = 0.69, and RMSEA = 0.06), although Cronbach's alpha coefficients in the trichotomous achievement goal model indicated acceptable reliability (mastery goals = 0.70, performance-approach goals = 0.73, and performance-avoidance goals = 0.64). Results from the present study indicate that only the 2 × 2 achievement goal model provides a reliable and valid measure of achievement goals for Turkish undergraduate students.
EN
The aim of this study was to investigate the status and playing position differences in anthropometric measures and specific physical fitness in high-level junior water polo players.The sample of subjects comprised 110 water polo players (17 to 18 years of age), including one of the world's best national junior teams for 2010. The subjects were divided according to their playing positions into: Centers (N = 16), Wings (N = 28), perimeter players (Drivers; N = 25), Points (N = 19), and Goalkeepers (N = 18). The variables included body height, body weight, body mass index, arm span, triceps- and subscapular-skinfold. Specific physical fitness tests comprised: four swimming tests, namely: 25m, 100m, 400m and a specific anaerobic 4×50m test (average result achieved in four 50m sprints with a 30 sec pause), vertical body jump (JUMP; maximal vertical jump from the water starting from a water polo defensive position) and a dynamometric power achieved in front crawl swimming (DYN).ANOVA with post-hoc comparison revealed significant differences between positions for most of the anthropometrics, noting that the Centers were the heaviest and had the highest BMI and subscapular skinfold. The Points achieved the best results in most of the swimming capacities and JUMP test. No significant group differences were found for the 100m and 4×50m tests. The Goalkeepers achieved the lowest results for DYN.Given the representativeness of the sample of subjects, the results of this study allow specific insights into the physical fitness and anthropometric features of high-level junior water polo players and allow coaches to design a specific training program aimed at achieving the physical fitness results presented for each playing position.
EN
The aim of the study was to evaluate intra- and intersession test-retest reliability for the measurements of centre of pressure displacement in quiet standing and during maximal voluntary body leaning (approximate area of stability limits).27 elderly men participated in the study (71.4±4.9 of age). Intrasession (4 measurements with two-minute breaks) and intersession (4 measurements one week apart) reliability were examined. Parameters connected to the centre of pressure data (AMTI force platform) were measured during a quiet stance and voluntary body leaning in medio-lateral and anterior-posterior directions (approximate limits of stability). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1 and ICC2, k) were calculated.In case of quiet standing, only mean velocity of centre of pressure sway provides high reliability in intrasession - ICC2,1 of .84 and ICC2, k of .96, and in intersession - ICC2,1 of .76. Evaluation of limits of stability showed high values of all parameters (maximal and minimal displacement in sagittal and frontal planes, distance between maximal and minimal position of centre of pressure in sagittal and frontal planes and approximated area of stability limits) in intrasession - ICC2,1 between .82 to .96 and ICC2, k between .95 to .99. Similar tendency was observed in the intersession retest.Average velocity of the centre of pressure is the only parameter that showed a high application value in case of measurements during quiet standing. Parameters related to the stability limits appeared very reliable what proves that this evaluation may have potential application in the clinical practice.
EN
Heath related quality of life has been an important object of interest in the clinical practice, focused on assessment of treatment effects from patient's point of view, with particular emphasis placed on effect of treatment on daily patient functioning. Concept of health-related quality of life needs valid and reliable instruments.The aim of the study was to present the process of validation of a new version of EORTC QLQ-CR29 module in Polish patients suffering from rectal cancer.Material and methods. EORTC QLQ-CR29 module comprises 29 questions, and was adapted to Polish cultural conditions based on EORTC procedure. Data collected from 20 patients were analyzed, their agreement with theoretical and empirical structure was assessed. Convergent and discriminant validity were analyzed with multi trait scaling.Reliability was assessed with Cronbach alpha coefficient. Known group validity was assessed in terms of differences between men and women, and between stoma and non-stoma patients. Exact Mann-Whitney test was used. P values lower than 0.05 were considered significant.Results. Scales built on bases of empirical model of module had higher validity and reliability than those based on theoretical model.There were no significant differences between men and women in health-related quality of life. Significantly higher values were observed in non-stoma patients on body image scale and for leakage of stool item. Reversed relationship was observed in case of abdominal and buttocks pain, as well as embarrassment because of bowel movements.Conclusions. Module CR29 is a valid and reliable tool, which enables standardized measurement of treatment effects, suggested for use as main tool measuring impact of disease itself and applied treatment on health-related quality of life of rectal cancer patients.
EN
Power quality disturbances have adverse impacts on the electric power supply as well as on the customer equipment. Therefore, the detection and classification of such problems is necessary. In this paper, a fast detection algorithm for power quality disturbances is presented. The proposed method is a hybrid of two algorithms, abc-0dq transformation and 90ırc phase shift algorithms. The proposed algorithm is fast and reliable in detecting most voltage disturbances in power systems such as voltage sags, voltage swells, voltage unbalance, interrupts, harmonics, etc. The three-phase utility voltages are sensed separately by each of the algorithms. These algorithms are combined to explore their individual strengths for a better performance. When a disturbance occurs, both algorithms work together to recognize this distortion. This control method can be used for critical loads protection in case of utility voltage distortion. Simulation and analysis results obtained in this study illustrate high performance of the strategy in different single-phase and three-phase voltage distortions.
EN
The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition scale (TOPS-CS; Thomas et al., 1999) in Greek athletic population. The TOPS-CS was designed to assess eight psychological strategies used by athletes in competition (activation, automaticity, emotional control, goal-setting, imagery, negative thinking, relaxation and self-talk). In order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the inventory, two different research studies were conducted in two different age groups (n1=382 athletes, aged 16 to 20 years and n2=343 athletes, aged 12 to 15 years). Furthermore, 263 athletes, (aged 16 to 20 years) completed the TOPS-CS, purposing to perform confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the first study supported the initial factorial structure of the TOPS-CS for athletes aged 16-20 years. Reliability analysis also provided adequate evidence for the internal consistency and stability of the scale for Greek athletes of this age. However, for athletes aged 12 to 15 years, the validity and reliability of the inventory were questionable and further research is required.
EN
The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and reliability of above and underwater 3D reconstruction of three calibration volumes with different control points disposal (#1 - on vertical and horizontal rods; #2 - on vertical and horizontal rods and facets; #3 - on crossed horizontal rods). Each calibration volume (3 × 2 × 3 m) was positioned in a 25 m swimming pool (half above and half below the water surface) and recorded with four underwater and two above water synchronised cameras (50 Hz). Reconstruction accuracy was determined calculating the RMS error of twelve validation points. The standard deviation across all digitisation of the same marker was used for assessing the reliability estimation. Comparison among different number of control points showed that the set of 24 points produced the most accurate results. The volume #2 presented higher accuracy (RMS errors: 5.86 and 3.59 mm for × axis, 3.45 and 3.11 mm for y axis and 4.38 and 4.00 mm for z axis, considering under and above water, respectively) and reliability (SD: underwater cameras ± [0.2; 0.6] mm; above water cameras ± [0.2; 0.3] mm) that may be considered suitable for 3D swimming kinematic analysis. Results revealed that RMS error was greater during underwater analysis, possibly due to refraction.
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