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issue 1
1-16
EN
Many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria communicate using small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. This process, known as quorum sensing (QS), links cell density to the expression of genes as diverse as those associated with virulence factors production of plant and animal pathogens, bioluminescence, antibiotic production, sporulation or biofilm formation. In Gram-negative bacteria, this communication is mainly mediated by N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). It has been proven that inactivation of the signal molecules attenuates many of the processes controlled by QS. Enzymatic degradation of the signal molecules has been amply described. Two main classes of AHL-inactivating enzymes were identified: AHL lactonases which hydrolyse the lactone ring in AHLs, and AHL acylases (syn. AHL amidases) which liberate a free homoserine lactone and a fatty acid. Recently, AHL oxidoreductase, a novel type of AHL inactivating enzyme, was described. The activity of these enzymes results in silencing the QS-regulated processes, as degradation products cannot act as signal molecules. The ability to inactivate AHL (quorum quenching, QQ) might be useful in controlling virulence of many pathogenic bacteria.
Kosmos
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2016
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vol. 65
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issue 3
463-468
PL
Wszystkie organizmy żywe podlegają wpływom innych organizmów wykazując różnego rodzaju zachowania społeczne. Mikroorganizmy nie są wyjątkiem. Komórki bakterii wolno żyjących (planktonicznych) są w stanie nie tylko wydzielać związki sygnałowe ale także mogą je odbierać. Proces komunikacji bakterii opierający się na tego typu sygnałach chemicznych jest szczególnie ważny w wielokomórkowych strukturach, jakie mogą tworzyć bakterie, czyli biofilmach. Takie społeczności bakteryjne są w stanie wzrastać w wielu środowiskach biotycznych jak i abiotycznych, niejednokrotnie w warunkach ekstremalnych. Proces komunikacji pomiędzy komórkami jest bardzo ważny, umożliwia nie tylko dzielenie się funkcjami fizjologiczno-metabolicznymi, ale również sprzyja ewolucji bakterii wskutek horyzontalnego transferu genów. Istotne jest poznanie nie tylko sposobu komunikacji pomiędzy mikroorganizmami, ale także warunków w jakich może zachodzić oraz procesów metabolicznych, którymi może ona sterować.
EN
All living organisms interact with each other and may exhibit cooperative behavior. Bacteria are not an exception. Free-living cells (planctonic cells) are able to communicate to each other by using specific types of chemical compounds. Such communication processes between bacterial cells are particularly important in multicellular structures, referred to as biofilms. Those structures are able to grow both in biotic and abiotic environments, in many cases even in very extreme conditions. The cell-communication processes are so important in bacterial biofilms for they provide sharing of physiological and metabolic functions between different species and thus stimulation of horizontal gene transfer that leads to bacterial evolution. Therefore, of importance is not only discovery and understanding of the communication system between microorganisms, but also of the conditions in which they may occur and influence cellular metabolic processes.
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