Full-text resources of PSJD and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl
Preferences help
enabled [disable] Abstract
Number of results

Results found: 13

Number of results on page
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  prognostic factors
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
Purpose of the study. To evaluate the impact of tumour location, local and regional advancement, histological differentiation, status of the surgical margins and radiotherapy on the disease-free time and overall survival rates in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 67 patients treated with surgery (61 pts.), radiotherapy (6 pts.) and their combination (28 pts.). Follow time on average 40 months. The probabilities of survival were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier estimates, the differences were calculated with the log-rank test. An analysis of the infl uence of the neck recurrences on the prognosis was additionally performed. Relationship between independent categorical variables as: primary local advancement, location of the tumour, histological grading and lymph node metastases was evaluated with Fisher´s Exact Test. Results. Disease-free time rate amounted to 40,1%. There was no independent prognostic importance of primary location, T-staging and N-staging, histological grading of the tumour or radiation on disease-free time, just opposite to the status of the resection margins. However, the number of neck metastases was directly proportional to the tumour dimension and poor histological differentiation. Overall survival rate amounted to 87,5%. Posterior location in the oral cavity, involvement of cervical lymph nodes, surgical margins with the presence of tumour cells, poor histological differentiation and necessity of irradiation negatively correlated with the survival. Conclusions. A complete resection of the tumour was the most important independent prognostic parameter for the disease-free and overall survivals in oral squamous cell carcinomas in this study. An adjuvant radiation therapy could improve the results of treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma also in cases were so far considered only for surgical management.
EN
Gastrointestinal stroma tumors (GIST) arise from the pacemaker, the interstitial Wells of Cajal. These tumors constitute 1 to 3% of gastrointestinal neoplasms, and may occur in each portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The most useful prognostic factors are tumor size, mitotic index, cell structure and location within the gastrointestinal tract.The aim of the study was to assess the chosen prognostic factors (location in the gastrointestinal tract and mitotic index) in patients with GIST.Material and methods. Between 1989 and 2002, 74 patients (37 men and 37 women) with an average age of 54.9 years (range from 13 to 89 years) were operated for GIST in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Two- and five-year survival rates during observation were analyzed, as well as the location within the gastrointestinal tract and mitotic index. Based on the intraoperative and postoperative investigations, the tumor size, presence of metastases and histological type of predominant cells were estimated in each patent. Results were subjected to statistics, where p≤0.05 was considered to be significant.Results. Of the 74 patients included in the study, 3 patients (4%) had a primary tumor located in the lower oesophagus, 42 patients (56.8%) in the stomach, 4 patients (5.4%) in the duodenum, and 13 patients (17.6%) had tumors originated from the small intestine. In an additional 12 patients (16.2%), the tumor originated from the large intestine. The most frequent (51%) mitotic index was 2, and 9/50 hpf was considered an intermediate malignant potential risk. Two-year survival was common in patients with GIST located in the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum, totalling 34 (79%) patients. A lower than two-year survival rate was noted in patients with GIST arising from the small intestine: 7 (63.6%) patients had tumors arising from the colon and 4 (36.3%) patients had rectal tumors. Five-year survival was also the most frequent in patients with GIST located in the upper part of gastrointestinal tract (37.2%), in the median part of gastrointestinal tract (36.3%), and in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract (27.7%). Correlation between location, mitotic index and survival of patients was assessed. The correlation studies showed a statistically significant influence of tumor location in the gastrointestinal tract (p=0.0264) and mitotic index (p=0.0003) with the survival of patients operated for GIST. Thus, the lower location and higher mitotic index of GIST are associated with shorter survival of patients.Conclusions. The mitotic index and location in the gastrointestinal tract are essential prognostic factors in analyzed patients with GIST. In the analyzed group, the lower locations and higher mitotic indices of GIST were associated with shorter survival of patients.
EN
Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease, being the seventh cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its aggressiveness is due to its specific biology and the late diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, the prognosis for patients suffering from this cancer is dismal, with 5-year overall survival rate of around 6–10%. Up to date, only a complete surgical resection of the cancerous entity warrants a significant improvement in patients’ survival. Nevertheless, the pancreatic cancer’s biology is still not fully elucidated, so that the accuracy of prognosis for certain patients is highly uncertain. Consequently, the importance of both clinical and basic research aiming to reveal the crucial molecular factors affecting long-term prognosis should be highlighted. There is a growing number of evidence that biomarkers of PC not only reflect the presence of tumor itself but also present a “hint” regarding its physiology. Thus the aim of this study was to assess the levels of commonly measured biomarkers and their influence on patients’ overall survival. Materials and methods: The retrospective analysis of data on 129 patients admitted to our Department due to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was carried out. On the day of admission all the patients had their levels of CA19-9, CA125, CEA and CA15-3 measured. The overall survival (OS) was defined as time elapsing from the day of admission to the day of death. The Kaplan- Meier curves were built for all potential factors, Cox regression model was applied to carry out a multivariate analysis. Results: We retrospectively analyzed 129 patients with a mean age of 62 years. As many as 95 of them had an unresectable lesion and 34 underwent curative operation. In total, the analyzed patient group was characterized by a median survival of 7 months and 12 days. Cumulative 1-year, 2-year and 4-year survival rates were 35%, 16% and 15%, respectively. In univariate analysis, factors such as age >= 60, inoperable lesion, CA19-9 >= 200, CA125 >= 20 and Neutrophile to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) >= 5 were associated with a lower median OS. In multivariate analysis, three factors, CA19-9 >= 200, CA125 >= 20 and age >= 60, were found to be statistically significant. Indeed, patients possessing all of them noted much poorer outcomes regarding OS factors: 89 days versus 235 days for the other patients (log rank test P = 0.02). Conclusions: Our study fortifies the evidence that preoperative levels of CA19-9 and CA125 have a direct influence on the longterm OS. Interestingly, in our patient group, the correlation of biomarkers with OS was higher than that of resectability. However, our study has some limitations regarding, for instance, the lack of data on chemotherapy, comorbidities etc. In the view of recent molecular studies on mucin involvement in PC development, it provides a strong clinical evidence to prove their importance.
EN
Purpose of the study. To evaluate the impact of tumour location, local and regional advancement, histological differentiation, status of the surgical margins and radiotherapy on the disease-free time and overall survival rates in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 67 patients treated with surgery (61 pts.), radiotherapy (6 pts.) and their combination (28 pts.). Follow time on average 40 months. The probabilities of survival were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier estimates, the differences were calculated with the log-rank test. An analysis of the infl uence of the neck recurrences on the prognosis was additionally performed. Relationship between independent categorical variables as: primary local advancement, location of the tumour, histological grading and lymph node metastases was evaluated with Fisher´s Exact Test. Results. Disease-free time rate amounted to 40,1%. There was no independent prognostic importance of primary location, T-staging and N-staging, histological grading of the tumour or radiation on disease-free time, just opposite to the status of the resection margins. However, the number of neck metastases was directly proportional to the tumour dimension and poor histological differentiation. Overall survival rate amounted to 87,5%. Posterior location in the oral cavity, involvement of cervical lymph nodes, surgical margins with the presence of tumour cells, poor histological differentiation and necessity of irradiation negatively correlated with the survival. Conclusions. A complete resection of the tumour was the most important independent prognostic parameter for the disease-free and overall survivals in oral squamous cell carcinomas in this study. An adjuvant radiation therapy could improve the results of treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma also in cases were so far considered only for surgical management.
EN
Background: Tumor hypoxia is an adverse prognostic factor which promotes cancer aggressiveness and limits its radio- and chemosensitivity. The aim of our study was to explore the relationship between endogenous hypoxia markers and classic prognostic factors, including clinical stage and the expression of ER, PR, and HER2 in primary untreated breast carcinoma. Methods: A retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of archived tissue blocks collected from 153 women, who underwent total mastectomy and lymph node dissection, included the expression of two hypoxia-related proteins: HIF-1α and GLUT1. Results: GLUT1 labelling index (LI) showed a positive correlation with T stage (R = 0.18, p = 0.026) and HER2 status (R = 0.25, p = 0.002), and a negative correlation with the expression of ER (R = −0.19, p = 0.017) and PR (R = −0.17, p = 0.032). HIF-1α LI showed a positive correlation with ER expression (R = 0.16, p = 0.045). In the multivariate regression analysis, a different relationship between classic prognostic factors and the two tested hypoxia proteins was proven. Higher GLUT1 expression correlated with ER and PR negativity (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively) as well as with higher expression of HER2 (p = 0.04). HIF-1α showed no association with PR and HER2, but a positive correlation with ER (p = 0.02). Neither of the hypoxia proteins was associated with a tumor grade. Only one clinical feature, T stage, correlated with both of the hypoxia markers: positively with GLUT1 (p = 0.049) and negatively with HIF-1α (p = 0.01) expression. Conclusions: In breast cancer, GLUT1 expression may be considered an additional prognostic factor which correlates with an adverse status of HER2 and hormonal receptors, and indicates a more hypoxic, radio- and chemotherapy refractory profile of carcinoma.
PL
Tło: Hipoksja w  guzie nowotworowym stanowi niekorzystny czynnik prognostyczny, ogranicza jego promienioi chemiowrażliwość oraz promuje bardziej agresywny przebieg choroby. Przewidywanie rokowania i odpowiedzi na leczenie wymaga wiedzy o związku hipoksji z uznanymi czynnikami prognostycznymi. Celem badania było określenie zależności pomiędzy endogennymi markerami hipoksji w  pierwotnym przewodowym raku piersi a  klasycznymi czynnikami prognostycznymi, takimi jak stopień zaawansowania klinicznego oraz ekspresja receptorów ER, PR i HER2. Metody: Retrospektywna analiza immunohistochemiczna archiwizowanych bloczków tkanek pobranych od 153 kobiet, poddanych mastektomii i limfadenektomii pachowej, objęła ekspresję dwóch związanych z hipoksją białek: HIF-1α i GLUT1. Wyniki: Indeks wiązania GLUT1 (GLUT1 LI) wykazał korelację dodatnią z wielkością guza (R = 0,18, p = 0,026) i ekspresją HER2 (R = 0,25, p = 0,002) oraz ujemną z ekspresją ER (R = −0,19, p = 0,017) i PR (R = −0,17, p = 0,032). HIF-1α LI korelował wyłącznie z ekspresją ER (R = 0,16, p = 0,045). W analizie wieloczynnikowej wykazano zróżnicowaną zależność pomiędzy klasycznymi czynnikami prognostycznymi i testowanymi markerami hipoksji. GLUT1 LI korelował negatywnie z ekspresją ER i PR (odpowiednio p = 0,02 i p = 0,01) oraz pozytywnie z ekspresją HER2 (p = 0,04). Nie udowodniono korelacji pomiędzy HIF-1α LI a ekspresją PR czy HER2, natomiast wykazano jego dodatnią zależność z ekspresją ER (p = 0,02). Żaden marker hipoksji nie korelował ze stopniem zróżnicowania histologicznego nowotworu. Tylko jeden kliniczny czynnik – wielkość guza (T) – korelował z ekspresją badanych białek: dodatnio z GLUT1 (p = 0,049), a ujemnie z HIF-1α (p = 0,01). Wnioski: Ekspresja GLUT1 w raku piersi może stanowić dodatkowy czynnik prognostyczny, korelujący z niekorzystnym statusem receptora HER2 i receptorów hormonalnych oraz wskazywać na bardziej hipoksyczny, oporny na radioi chemioterapię, profil raka.
EN
was to assess the impact of hospital caseload on long-term outcomes of rectal cancer patients. We posed two questions: 1. Does the number of operations carried out in the surgical department influence five year survival and local recurrence rates? 2. Does surgery alone without adjuvant therapy performed in the particular department affect long-term results? Material and methods. 215 consecutive rectal cancer patients treated in six hospitals of the Łódź district between 1994 and 1998 were enrolled into this prospective study. We analyzed patients in whom local excision, low anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection and Hartmann’s procedure were performed. 27 percent of patients received adjuvant therapy such as radio- or chemotherapy or both. Long-term results were compared between high and low volume institutions by means of local recurrence and five year survival rates. Results. In high volume departments; 69.2% of five year survival rates were obtained versus 46.6% for low volume institutions (p=0.00433). Similar differences were noted comparing local recurrence rates between the aforementioned groups: 19.7% versus 36.5%, respectively (p=0.00430). In surgically treated patients who did not receive adjuvant therapy statistically significant differences were found: 76.5% of patients operated on in high volume hospitals survived five years as compared with 42.9% for low caseload institutions (p=0.00013). Local recurrence rates were 15.5% for high caseload institutions and 38.5% for low caseload hospitals (p=0.00042). Conclusions. High volume hospitals achieved better results in rectal cancer patients with regard to five year survival and local recurrence rates. Better outcomes were also obtained in high caseload departments regarding surgically treated patients who did not receive adjuvant therapy.
EN
We aimed to investigate the correlation between quantitative CerbB-2 expressions with conventional prognostic factors, and distinct nodal involvement in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. One hundred fifty seven consecutive breast carcinoma patients were retrospectively analysed. Level I–II, Level III, and Rotter (Interpectoral) group lymph nodes were separately examined and recorded. For each patient estrogen receptor (ER), progesteron receptor (PR), CerbB-2, P53 status were defined using immunohistochemistry. Age, tumor localisation, menopausal status, grade and the presence of intraductal component were also recorded. CerbB-2 expression did not correlate with age, localisation and menopausal status. There was a reverse, but weak correlation with tumor size and CerbB-2 expression (p=0.034). In subgroup analysis of CerbB-2 positive cases, the magnitude of CerbB-2 positivity did not correlate with tumor size (p=0.551). In univariate analysis CerbB-2 expression did not correlate with nodal involvement in Level I-II, and Rotter. In subgroup analysis of patients with positive CerbB-2, positivity of CerbB-2 linearly increased with the number of positive lymph nodes in Level I-II, and this difference was significant (p=0,039). There was a significant correlation between CerbB-2 expression and Level III nodal metastases (p=0.005). But this correlation was not significant among CerbB-2 positive patients (p=0.82). P53, PR positivity and the presence of intraductal component did not differ according to oncogene expression. We detected a reverse correlation with ER positivity and CerbB-2 positivity (p=0.011). It is concluded that quantitative expression of CerbB2 positivity increases with nodal involvement in Level I–II axillary lymph nodes, and ER. Also, CerbB-2 positivity is more common among patients with Level III lymph node metastases.
EN
HER-2/neu overexpression is considered an important prognostic factor, which may predict an aggressive clinical course of several tumours, including cervical cancer. Material and method: HER-2/neu expression was assessed by immunohistochemical technique in 298 patients with stage IB and IIA cervical cancer, of either planoepithelial or adenomatous type. HER-2/neu expression was compared in groups of patients selected based on generally accepted prognostic factors, e.g. clinical stage, histological type, presence of metastases to regional lymph nodes, invasion of vascular space and degree of radiation-induced destruction of tumor. Using the Cox model, a multivariate analysis of effect of selected prognostic factors was performed, both in relation to overall survival and to symptom-free survival. Results: Positive reaction to HER-2/neu was obtained in 135 cases (45.3%); the reaction was pronounced (3+) in 23 cases (7.8%) and moderate (2+) in 41 cases (13.7%). No positive reaction was obtained in 163 cases (54.7%). Analysis of survival yielded the following results: probability of 5-year overall survival for the entire patient population was 90.9% and that of 10 years – 85.2%. Overall survival curve for the entire study population is presented. Recurrence-free 5- and 10-year survival rates were 83.3% and 82.3%, respectively. Symptom-free 5- and 10-year survival rates were significantly influenced by: lymph node involvement and their number, invasion of vascular space, histological type and HER-2/neu expression. Cox analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between risk of recurrence or death and the following factors: lymph node metastases and their number, invasion of vascular space, histological type of tumour and HER-2/neu expression. The risk of recurrence or death with a single nodal metastasis and several nodal metastases is 2.4- and 5.1-fold greater than when no nodal metastases are present. The fact of vascular space involvement results in a 3-fold increase of risk of recurrence or death. In the case of planoepithelial cancer, the risk of recurrence or death is 0.4-fold that for adenomatous cancer. Finding of a strong HER-2/neu expression (2+, 3+) increases 2.7-fold the risk of therapeutic failure. Conclusions: No statistically significant differences were found in the HER-2/neu expression in groups of patients defined based on clinical-pathological parameters (i.e. clinical stage, histological type, regional lymph node metastases, radiation-induced cervix sterilization). The following prognostic factors had a significant impact on symptom-free survival: histological type, presence and numbers of lymph node metastases, invasion of vascular space, as well as TP53, BCL2 and HER-2/neu expression. Among all factors analysed, most significant prognostic impact, both in terms of overall survival and symptom-free survival, was associated with involvement of pelvic lymph nodes.
PL
Nadekspresja HER-2/neu uważana jest za istotny czynnik prognostyczny mogący wskazywać na agresywny przebieg kliniczny wielu nowotworów, w tym RSM. Materiał i metody: Posługując się metodą immunohistoche-miczną, przeprowadzono ocenę ekspresji HER-2/neu u 298 chorych leczonych z powodu RSM w stopniach IB i IIA zarówno w grupie chorych na raka płaskonabłonkowego, jak i gruczołowego. Dokonano porównania ekspresji HER-2/neu w grupach chorych wyróżnionych na podstawie uznanych czynników prognostycznych, takich jak stopień klinicznego zaawansowania, typ histologiczny, obecność przerzutów do regionalnych węzłów chłonnych, zajęcie przestrzeni naczyniowej i stopień uszkodzenia popromiennego nowotworu. Posługując się modelem Coksa, przeprowadzono wielowariantową analizę wpływu ocenianych czynników prognostycznych zarówno na przeżycia całkowite, jak i bezobjawowe. Wyniki: Pozytywną reakcję na HER-2/neu stwierdzono w 135 przypadkach (45,3%): w 23 przypadkach była to reakcja o dużym nasileniu - 3+ (7,8%), a w 41 przypadkach o nasileniu średniego stopnia - 2+ (13,7%). W 163 przypadkach (54,7%) nie stwierdzono pozytywnej reakcji. Wyniki analizy przeżyć są następujące: prawdopodobieństwo całkowitego przeżycia 5 lat dla całej grupy chorych wyniosło 90,9%, a 10 lat - 85,2%. Przedstawiono krzywą przeżycia całkowitego analizowanej grupy chorych. Prawdopodobieństwo przeżycia bez nawrotu choroby 5 i 10 lat wyniosło odpowiednio 83,3% i 82,3%. Istotny wpływ na 5- i 10-letnie przeżycia bezobjawowe miały: przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych i ich liczba, zajęcie przestrzeni naczyniowej, typ histologiczny i ekspresja HER-2/neu. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy Coksa wykazano istotny wpływ prognostyczny na ryzyko nawrotu lub zgonu takich czynników, jak: przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych i ilość zajętych węzłów, zajęcie przestrzeni naczyniowej, typ histologiczny i ekspresja HER-2/neu. Ryzyko nawrotu lub zgonu dla jednego zajętego węzła oraz dla większej liczby zajętych węzłów chłonnych jest 2,4 oraz 5,1 razy wyższe od odpowiedniego ryzyka dla węzłów niezajętych. Fakt zajęcia przestrzeni naczyniowej zwiększa niemal 3-krotnie ryzyko nawrotu lub zgonu. Dla raka płaskonabłon-kowego ryzyko nawrotu lub zgonu stanowi 0,4 ryzyka niepowodzenia dla raka gruczołowego. Stwierdzenie silnej ekspresji HER-2/neu (2+, 3+) zwiększa 2,7 razy ryzyko niepowodzenia leczenia. Wnioski: Nie stwierdzono istotnych statystycznie różnic w ekspresji HER-2/neu w grupach chorych wyróżnionych na podstawie parametrów kliniczno-patologicznych (tj.: stopnia klinicznego zaawansowania, typu histologicznego, przerzutów do regionalnych węzłów chłonnych i popromiennej sterylizacji szyjki macicy). Istotny wpływ statystyczny na przeżycia bezobjawowe miały następujące czynniki prognostyczne: typ histologiczny, przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych i ich liczba, inwazja przestrzeni naczyniowej oraz ekspresja TP53, BCL2 i HER-2/neu. Spośród wszystkich analizowanych czynników największy wpływ prognostyczny zarówno na przeżycia całkowite, jak i bezobjawowe miała obecność przerzutów do węzłów chłonnych miednicy.
EN
Uterine sarcoma is a rare malignancy, accounting for 3–8% of all malignant tumors of the uterus. As a rule, patients are treated in reference centers by multispecialty diagnostic-therapeutic teams. Sarcoma of the uterus originate basi­cally from two tissues – uterine muscle and endometrial stroma and constitute a heterogenous group of tumors. A standard of local treatment of all these tumors is transabdominal hysterectomy. High recurrence rate supports the rationale for adjuvant treatment, although to date no effect of adjuvant radiotherapy on overall survival and local recurrence rate has been proven. Some reports concerning stromal uterine sarcomas suggest an improved survival in patients undergoing postoperative hormonal therapy. The role of chemotherapy in adjuvant treatment of leiomyosarcomas remains to be defined. In the treatment of advanced stromal uterine sarcomas, there is a place for hormonal therapy (progesterone analogs, aromatase inhibitors and GnRH analogs). Treatment of far-advanced/ metastatic leiomyosarcoma cases and non-differentiated sarcomas is similar to systemic treatment of other soft-tissue sarcomas. The topic of this paper are current recommendations concerning diagnostic and therapeutic management of uterine sarcoma patients. Based on own experience confronted with literature data, we present current classifications, epidemiology, risk factors and generally accepted therapeutic protocols used to treat these malignancies.
PL
Mięsaki macicy to rzadkie nowotwory, stanowiące 3–8% wszystkich nowotworów złośliwych macicy. Obowiązującą zasadą jest prowadzenie postępowania w wyspecjalizowanych ośrodkach przez wielospecjalistyczne zespoły dia­gnostyczno-terapeutyczne. Mięsaki macicy wywodzą się pierwotnie z dwóch tkanek – z mięśnia macicy albo z pod­ścieliska endometrium – i stanowią heterogenną grupę nowotworów. Standardem leczenia miejscowego wszystkich tych nowotworów jest wycięcie macicy z dostępu brzusznego. Wysoki odsetek nawrotów sugeruje celowość stoso­wania leczenia uzupełniającego, jednak dotychczas nie udowodniono wpływu uzupełniającej radioterapii na prze­życia całkowite oraz odsetek wznów miejscowych. W przypadku mięsaków podścieliskowych macicy istnieją doniesienia sugerujące poprawę przeżycia wśród chorych, u których zastosowano pooperacyjną hormonoterapię. Nieustalona pozostaje rola chemioterapii w leczeniu uzupełniającym mięsaków gładkokomórkowych. W leczeniu zaawansowanych mięsaków podścieliskowych macicy znajduje zastosowanie terapia hormonalna (analogi progeste­ronu, inhibitory aromatazy czy analogi GnRH). Terapia zaawansowanych/przerzutowych leiomyosarcoma i mięsaków niezróżnicowanych jest podobna do leczenia systemowego innych mięsaków tkanek miękkich. Tematem artykułu są aktualne zalecenia postępowania rozpoznawczego i leczniczego u chorych na mięsaki macicy. Na podstawie doświadczeń własnych, w konfrontacji z danymi z piśmiennictwa, przedstawiono aktualne klasyfikacje, epidemio­logię, czynniki ryzyka i obowiązujące protokoły terapeutyczne odnoszące się do tych nowotworów.
EN
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare tumor diagnosed mainly between the fourth and sixth decade of the patient’s life. The etiology of this cancer remains unknown. Presumably, genetic, hormonal, and reproductive fac­tors like the ones in ovarian cancer may increase the PFTC risk. The germ-line BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation is the only documented risk factor related to its etiology. Given the rarity of the incidence and diagnostic difficulties con­cerning the fallopian tube hyperplasic changes in early stages of disease, the diagnosis of PFTC is most often intra­operative and/or happens after the settlement of the final histopathological diagnosis. The pathologic process in early stages is characterized by a stingy or asymptomatic course. The Latzko’s triad, the group of classical symp­toms of PFTC, is reported in 15% of cases. It is caused by infilling and decompression of partly blocked oviduct by the pathological process. One of the PFTC signs is the presence of retroperitoneal spread in the endosalpinx before ovaries are involved. The paper presents the case of PFTC treatment in 47-year-old patient diagnosed only intraop­eratively, who was subject to conservative treatment 6 months prior to hospitalization – with no result. During this time appropriate diagnosis was not obtained. Combined treatment including surgery and chemotherapy was applied. After obtaining intraoperative positive histopathological exam for fallopian tube neoplastic process, radical surgical treatment was performed. The patient underwent the hysterectomy, adnexectomy, omentectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy and surgical staging like in ovarian cancer. The adjuvant chemotherapy according to platinum and taxan protocol was administered. The surgical treatment is the base of fallopian tube therapy. In young women in early-stage of the disease, who wish to preserve fertility, conservative treatment is allowed. In other cases hyster­ectomy, adnexectomy, omentectomy, pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy cytological smears and peritoneum sampling like in ovarian cancer protocol are made. In advanced cases the treatment includes the primary and sec­ondary cytoreduction. In adjuvant therapy the first and the second line chemotherapy is used like in ovarian cancer protocols. At present there are not recommendations for hormonotherapy or adjuvant radiotherapy. The most important prognostic factors are the stage of the disease and the lack of optimal cytoreduction (residual tumor >2 cm). When compared to ovarian cancer, primary fallopian tube cancer more often tends to involve retroperito­neal space and to metastasize distantly. Due to the facts that its clinical symptoms appear earlier, it is diagnosed at earlier stages. A better prognosis regarding the survival in advanced cases points to a different biology of the neo­plasm than the one in the ovarian cancer.
PL
Pierwotny rak jajowodu to rzadki nowotwór, o nie do końca znanej etiologii, rozpoznawany najczęściej w 4.–6. de­kadzie życia. Przypuszcza się, że na jego rozwój mają wpływ czynniki genetyczne, hormonalne i reprodukcyjne podobne jak w przypadku raka jajnika. Jedynym udokumentowanym czynnikiem związanym z etiologią tego nowo­tworu są germinalne mutacje genu BRCA1 i BRCA2. Z uwagi na rzadkość występowania oraz trudności diagno­styczne dotyczące zmian rozrostowych w obrębie jajowodu we wczesnej fazie choroby rozpoznanie pierwotnego raka jajowodu ustalane jest najczęściej w trakcie zabiegu operacyjnego lub po uzyskaniu ostatecznego wyniku bada­nia histopatologicznego. Proces chorobowy we wczesnych stadiach przebiega skąpoobjawowo lub bezobjawowo. W 15% przypadków występuje tzw. triada Latzki, czyli zespół klasycznych objawów pierwotnego raka jajowodu, będących następstwem wypełniania i opróżniania częściowo zablokowanego przez proces chorobowy jajowodu. Jedną z cech raka jajowodu jest możliwość występowania rozsiewu wewnątrzotrzewnowego już w przypadku zmian ograniczonych do śluzówki jajowodu, zwykle przed zajęciem przez proces chorobowy jajników. Przedstawiono przypadek pierwotnego raka jajowodu u 47-letniej kobiety, rozpoznanego dopiero śródoperacyjnie. Pacjentkę przez 6 miesięcy przed hospitalizacją leczono – bez efektu – zachowawczo, nie mogąc ustalić właściwego rozpoznania. Chorą poddano leczeniu chirurgicznemu i chemioterapii. Po uzyskaniu wyniku doraźnego badania histopatolo­gicznego, potwierdzającego obecność procesu nowotworowego w obrębie jajowodu, przeprowadzono radykalne leczenie operacyjne, obejmujące wycięcie macicy z przydatkami, siecią większą, wyrostkiem robaczkowym i węzłami chłonnymi biodrowymi oraz chirurgiczną ocenę stopnia zaawansowania, jak w przypadku raka jajnika. W leczeniu uzupełniającym zastosowano chemioterapię z użyciem pochodnej platyny i leku z grupy taksanów. Podstawę le­czenia raka jajowodu stanowi zabieg chirurgiczny. W przypadku młodych kobiet, pragnących zachować płodność, we wczesnych stadiach choroby możliwe jest postępowanie oszczędzające. W późniejszych stadiach wykonuje się wycięcie macicy z przydatkami, siecią większą, węzłami chłonnymi miednicznymi i okołoaortalnymi oraz pobie­ra się rozmazy cytologiczne lub wykonuje biopsję otrzewnej zgodnie z protokołem jak w przypadku raka jajnika. W stadiach zaawansowanych postępowanie obejmuje wykonanie pierwotnej lub wtórnej operacji cytoredukcyjnej. W leczeniu uzupełniającym stosuje się chemioterapię zarówno I, jak i II rzutu według schematów takich jak w le­czeniu raka jajnika. Obecnie nie ma rekomendacji dotyczących stosowania radioterapii i hormonoterapii w lecze­niu adiuwantowym. Do najważniejszych czynników prognostycznych należą stopień zaawansowania klinicznego i brak optymalnej cytoredukcji (zmiany resztkowe >2 cm). W porównaniu z rakiem jajnika rak jajowodu wykazuje większą tendencję do zajęcia przestrzeni pozaotrzewnowej i wystąpienia przerzutów odległych. Ponieważ obja­wy kliniczne pojawiają sie w nim wcześniej, częściej rozpoznawany jest we wczesnych stopniach zaawansowania. Lepsze rokowanie co do przeżycia w przypadkach zaawansowanej choroby wskazuje na odmienną niż w raku jaj­nika biologię nowotworu.
EN
Background: Angiogenesis is a key process in the development of a malignant tumor, enabling both growth of primary lesion and spread of metastases. Most potent stimulators of normal and pathological angiogenesis are proteins of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Regulation of angiogenesis process is also mediated by neuropilin- 1 (NP-1), as coreceptor VEGFR-2. NP-1 plays a crucial role controlling both normal angiogenesis during embryonal development and pathological angiogenesis in malignant tumors. The aim of this paper was to assess NP-1 expression in ovarian cancer and to analyze correlations between NP-1 expression and selected clinical-pathological factors in a group of ovarian cancer patients. Material and method: Analyzed was the relative level of NP-1 in 168 surgical specimens collected during surgical procedures performed at the Department of Oncologic Gynecology of Medical University in Gdańsk. Tissue samples included: 32 healthy tissues, 42 benign tumors, 10 borderline tumors, 76 ovarian cancers, 8 metastatic tumors. Relative NP-1 level was assessed using Western blotting technology. Results: Overexpression of NP-1 was seen significantly more often in early clinical stages of ovarian cancer (p=0.01), in cancers other than serous (p=0.04) and in patients with peritoneal exudate (p=0.03). Log-rank test did not reveal any significant correlation between NP-1 expression and favorable response to chemotherapy, disease-free survival or total survival time. Conclusions. Elevated NP-1 level seen in initial clinical stages of ovarian cancer may indicate crucial role of neoangiogenesis in the early phase of tumor development.
EN
Aim of paper: Analysis of clinical material included 116 patients with vulvar cancer treated at the Cracow Division of the Centre of Oncology since 1990 thru 2003, aiming at assessment of treatment outcome and determination of prognostic factors. Material and methods: The patients’ mean age was 67 years. Microscopic study revealed highly differentiated tumour in 34.5%, medium differentiated tumour in 37.1% and non-differentiated tumour in 28.4%. In 57.7% of patients, inguinal lymph nodes were clinically unaffected, while 42.3% of patients presented with unilateral or bilateral clinically evident lymph node metastases. 54.3% of patients had non advanced disease (I and II in the TNM scale), while the remaining 45.7% had advanced disease (III and IVA degree). One hundred four patients (89.7%) underwent primary surgical treatment, while the remaining 12 (10.3%) received radiotherapy only. Probability of survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and impact of selected factors on the patients’ survival was estimated using the Cox’s proportional hazard model. Results: Cumulative 5-year survival rate was 40.5%. For TNM clinical stages I-IVA this was 60.9%, 55%, 26.5% and 10.5%, respectively. For age groups under 70 and above 70 this was 52.9% and 22.9%, respectively, while considering inguinal lymph node status N0, N1 and N2 this was 52.2%, 30.0% and 15.8%, respectively. For histological tumour grades G1, G2 and G3, 5-year survival rates were 65%, 39.5% and 12.1%, respectively. Conclusions: Statistically significant unfavourable impact on 5-year symptom-free survival rate had: age above 70 years, poorly differentiated tumour (G3), clinically evident lymph node metastases and clinical stages III and IVA. Multivariate analysis by Cox revealed that independent prognostic factors for 5-year survival were patients’ age, clinical status of inguinal lymph nodes and TNM clinical stage of vulvar cancer.
PL
Cel pracy: Analiza materiału klinicznego obejmującego 116 chorych na raka sromu leczonych w COOK w latach 1990-2003 w celu oceny wyników leczenia i czynników prognostycznych. Materiał i metody: Średni wiek chorych wynosił 67 lat. U 34,5% chorych stwierdzono raka wysokozróżnicowanego, u 37,1% średniozróżnicowanego i u 28,4% niskozróżnicowanego. U 57,7% chorych węzły chłonne pachwinowe były klinicznie niezmienione, a u 42,3% stwierdzono kliniczne przerzuty jednostronne lub obustronne. U 54,3% stwierdzono niezaawansowany proces nowotworowy (I i II wg TNM), u pozostałych 45,7% - zaawansowany (III i IVA). U 104 (89,7%) chorych zastosowano pierwotne leczenie chirurgiczne, a pozostałych 12 (10,3%) chorych leczono wyłącznie napromienianiem. Prawdopodobieństwo przeżycia oszacowano metodą Kaplana i Meiera, a dla oceny wpływu wybranych czynników na przeżycia chorych posłużono się modelem proporcjonalnego hazardu Coksa. Wyniki: Prognozowane 5-letnie przeżycia całkowite wyniosły 40,5%. Dla stopni zaawansowania I-IVA według TNM wyniosły odpowiednio: 60,9%, 55%, 26,5% i 10,5%. Dla wieku <70 lat i >70 lat było to 52,9% i 22,9%, a dla stanu klinicznego pachwinowych węzłów chłonnych - 52,2% dla N0, 30,0% dla N1 i 15,8% dla N2. Dla stopnia zróżnicowania raka G1 5-letnie przeżycia wyniosły 65%, dla G2 - 39,5% i dla G3 - 12,1%. Wnioski: Znamienny statystycznie niekorzystny wpływ na 5-letnie przeżycia całkowite miały: wiek >70 lat, niski (G3) stopień zróżnicowania raka, kliniczna obecność przerzutów w węzłach chłonnych pachwinowych oraz stopień III i IVA zaawansowania według TNM. W analizie wielocechowej metodą Coksa niezależnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi dla 5-letnich przeżyć były: wiek chorych, stan kliniczny węzłów chłonnych pachwinowych oraz zaawansowanie raka sromu wg TNM.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.