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  1. 10 Journal of Human Kinetics

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1
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Social and Somatic Determinants of Physical Fitness in Men Aged 20-70 Years from Cracow

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Gołąb S., Sobiecki J., Brudecki J.
Human Movement
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2009
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vol. 10
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issue 2
116-125
EN
Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine effects of social and somatic variables on changes of physical fitness in men aged 20-70 years. For this purpose a cross-sectional study of 1,420 industrial workers was carried out. Basic procedures. Correlations were examined between several variables: age, education, physical activity level, BMI, WHR, results of five Eurofit tests (flamingo balance test, plate tapping, sit and reach, standing broad jump, hand grip) and YMCA 3-minute Step Test. ANOVA and step-wise regression were used in the statistical analysis. Main findings. The obtained results point to: (1) a varied regression of motor and cardio-vascular fitness in male subjects between 20 and 70 years of age; (2) high correlation between the standing broad jump results and all the analysed variables; (3) the highest percentage of assignable variation in the results of standing broad jump, hand grip strength tests and % HRmax affected by age and BMI. Conclusions. The significance of the impact of social and somatic variables on motor fitness varies and depends on subjects' age. The regression of motor fitness in men after 50 years of age is a symptom of gradual loss of adaptability to social life concurring with andropause, which is discussed in detail in professional literature.
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The Motor Development and Motor Skill Levels of 6-Year-Old Children from the Lublin Voivodeship

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Cieśla E.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 2
105-110
EN
Introduction. The objective of the research was to assess the level of physical development and motor skills of six-yearold children from the Lublin voivodeship against the Polish population. Material and methods. The study included 2144 children, 997 girls and 1134 boys. To assess the level of physical fitness, selected, exercises from the EUROFIT test were used. In addition, children's ability to demonstrate simple motor skills during physical play and games was also assessed. The assessment involved: throwing a bag with the right hand, throwing a ball with both hands, gripping a bag with the right hand, kicking a ball with the right foot, jumping on the right leg and jumping with both feet. In addition, coordination during the exercises was evaluated. For measurement purposes, a four-point scale was used. The reference point was children from a nationwide sample. The results were statistically analyzed using the Student T-test and the nonparametric chi-square test. Results. Children from the Lublin region differ significantly in their level of physical fitness from children of the same age throughout Poland (p≤0.001). They achieved significantly lower results in tests assessing the strength of their arms, abdominal muscles and, the explosive strength of their lower limbs and in two tests evaluating speed (running speed: p≤0.001, hand movement speed: p≤0.001). Only in the test of their sense of balance, did both sexes, obtain significantly better results (p≤0.001). In addition, in the opinion of physical education teachers, children in the Lublin region exhibited significantly lower levels of skill when performing motor tasks. Conclusions. The results suggest that the motor potential of preschool children is being neglected, which seems to be indirectly caused by different factors in the external environment.
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Physical Activity of Warsaw's Six Year old Children and Its Correlation with Physical Fitness

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Trzcińska D., Tabor P., Olszewska E.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 1
58-62
EN
Introduction. Physical activity and physical fitness are among the positive measures of health. Their assessment is justified from the point of view of prevention of many civilization diseases. The aim of this paper is to describe the physical activity of six year old children in Warsaw and to determine its relationship to physical fitness. Material and methods. The study was conducted in two series - in the spring of 2011 and 2012. Data were collected for 742 children from selected pre-school institutions in Warsaw. The average age of the children born in 2005 (2011 edition) and 2006 (2012 edition) was 5.84 ± 0.31 years. The numbers in both categories were equal, and amounted to 371 girls and boys. The choice of educational institutions was such, as to ensure that the sample was representative. In order to assess the children's physical activity, the method of diagnostic survey was used (questionnaire). The questionnaire addressed to the parents included questions about the participation of their children in pre-school, extracurricular and family forms of physical activity and the amount of time spent on passive leisure activities. To evaluate the physical fitness we used a test consisting of five motor trials (bend while sitting down, sit up from the lying position 30 s, long jump from stationary position, run 10x5 m, 1 kg medicine ball throw forward). Mathematical analysis of the material utilised selected methods of descriptive statis- 2 tics (including cluster analysis), standardization of data and the χ2 test. Results. In the both gender subgroups three clusters were formed, corresponding to the above-average, average, and reduced physical fitness. Parents of children with the highest level of motor skills often declared significant participation of their children in family and extracurricular forms of physical activity and less time spent in front of TV or computer. Conclusions. In the population of six year old children in Warsaw positive relationship were found between the claimed physical activity and physical fitness
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Profile of young handball players by playing position and determinants of ball throwing velocity

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Zapartidis I., Kororos P., Christodoulidis T., Skoufas D., Bayios I.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 27
17-30
EN
This study defined the differences in physical qualities and anthropometric characteristics among playing positions in young male handball players, and investigated the relationship between ball throwing velocity and all measured parameters.182 young male handball players, aged 14.3yrs, with playing experience of 4.5yrs, were classified as: back players, centre backs, pivots, wing players, and goalkeepers. Body height, body mass, BMI, arm span, hand length, standing long jump, 30m sprint, flexibility, VO2max and throwing velocity were measured.Significant differences were detected among individual positions for all measured variables, except for flexibility. Backs were tallest, while pivots showed the largest arm span and hand length. Wings were shortest, with the lowest weight and BMI. Backs and wings performed best in the standing long jump, 30m sprint, flexibility and VO2max. Goalkeepers underperformed in all motor abilities. Ball velocity significantly correlated to all variables except for BMI and flexibility. Anthropometric and physical differences exist among different positions in young male handball players. These parameters influence ball velocity.The findings suggest that a high performance level requires advanced physical qualities as well as anthropometric features for these ages, and coaches should apply specific training programs for each playing position.
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Seasonal Variations in the Morphological and Functional Development of Girls and Boys Aged 14-15

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Ziemba K., Migasiewicz J.
Human Movement
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2011
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vol. 12
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issue 3
254-258
EN
Purpose. During a biological year one can observe the effects of seasonal change on the number of functions and processes in the human organism. The rhythmical seasonal changes of a year are directly connected with a number of the functions of the human body. In humans, the first six months of a year are characterized by increased sympathetic nervous activity, while the next six months are characterized by increased parasympathetic nervous activity. As such, both somatic and motoric changes lead to periods of either high or low physical efficiency. The aim of this study was to assess what changes occur in the morphological and functional development of 14-15 year-old girls and boys across an entire year. Methods. The study of the seasonality of motoric fitness described herein was of a longitudinal character and was conducted five times, with a three-month interval between each study (1 - June, 2 - September, 3 - December, 4 - March, 5 - June) during 2004-2005. The study was conducted at the No. 1 and No. 7 Lower Secondary Schools in Opole, Poland, where 452 students (216 girls and 236 boys) participated in the study. Results. The results of this study found that there are two phases of increased levels of physical efficiency, which are particularly pronounced in March and June. From the results of this study as well as from results obtained from other available studies, it was found that the transition periods between seasons, especially during the transition between the first and second half of the year, are particularly unfavourable to the human organism. Having assessed these particular periods of the year (on the basis of a participant's training load), it seems necessary to emphasize that this transition is the most pronounced between the autumn and winter seasons. Significant seasonal changes were found in the general metabolism of the body, which is the most visible in regards to somatic development. An increase in the body's height and weight among teenagers starts abruptly in the spring season, reaches its peak in the summer, then it decreases in the autumn season and goes up again in winter. The study shows that from April till September a build-up of tissues occurs in the human organism, while from October till March the body stabilizes and uses its accumulated reserves. In the spring, the human body regenerates its central nervous system as it is influenced by sun and warmth and produces particular substances which function as links in the energetic and regenerative processes of nerve tissue. Conclusion. Seasonal changeability in the human organism leads to differences in levels of physical fitness. It is necessary to emphasize the character of seasonal changes on the physical fitness of boys and girls at the age of puberty. Through analysing intersexual variability of motoric skills it is possible to determine the exact direction of these differences. In tests that measured hand movement as well as body agility and flexibility, the female subjects achieved better results, particularly after the winter season. In regards to the scores achieved in the remaining Eurofit tests, the male subjects were at the forefront when compared to the females. On the basis of the research material presented in this article, it is claimed that the seasonal rhythm of the physical efficiency of the human body is also reflected in changes of motoric fitness. Thus, it can be considered appropriate to continue studies in this field in order to understand all and any phenomena and regularities.
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The incidence of osteopenia among men with different levels of physical activity.

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Kopiczko A., Gryko K., Łopuszańska-Dawid M., Laskin J. J.
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2018
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vol. 32
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issue 2
5-11
EN
Background The aim of this study was to estimate the bone mass (BM)and bone mineral density (BMD) of the non-dominate forearm and compare these measurements to basic features of somatic structure and habitual physical activity (PA) levels in adult men. Material and methods The study examined 160 men aged 20 to 50, randomly sampled from Warsaw, Poland. Bone mineral density and BM of the forearm was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Anthropometric measurements included: height, body mass, and the width of the elbow and wrist of the non-dominant limb. Habitual PA was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results The men with sufficient to high levels of PA demonstrated normal values for the T-score in the both the distal and proximal forearm measurement sites in more than 90% of participants and more than 50% in the those with sufficient level of PA. In the group with insufficient levels of PA, low values of the T - score indicating osteopenia was found in both the proximal and distal measurement sites, 71% and 80% respectively. Significant, though weak positive correlations were found between BMD, an indicator of T – score, and a both elbow and wrist widths. Conclusions Lack of PA is clearly associated with an increased occurrence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in men. This study supports the notion that osteopenia and osteoporosis is present in younger adult men and that sufficient habitual PA is a important factor to preserve bone health.
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The Relationship Between Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Adults and the Elderly

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Sławińska T., Posłuszny P., Rożek K.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 3
200-204
EN
Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between physical fitness and various aspects of quality of life in middle-aged adults and the elderly. Methods. The sample included 216 women and 43 men, living in a medium-sized city in Poland aged 50-84 years. Physical fitness was determined using a test battery specifically designed for the elderly (Senior Fitness Test); grip strength by the dominate hand was also measured. The short form of the WHOQOL-BR EF questionnaire was used to evaluate quality of life. Four domains (physical, psychological, social relationships, environment) of quality of life as well as overall quality of life and health were self-assessed. Results. Among the selected components of physical fitness measured in the study, the assessment of overall quality of life in women was related to upper limb strength and, depending on the quality of life domain, also with upper or lower body flexibility. In men, the only factor influencing their overall assessment was upper body flexibility, whereas cardiorespiratory efficiency was the only factor influencing their detailed self-assessment of the physical health domain. Additionally, the self-assessment of general health in men was significantly positively correlated with cardiopulmonary efficiency. In women, the general health assessment was correlated with upper limb strength and upper body flexibility. Conclusions. It was concluded that after the fifth decade of life, physical fitness plays a greater role in improving the self-assessment of quality of life in women than men. Physical activity undertaken by middle-aged and elderly adults should focus on first improving cardiorespiratory efficiency and then strength and flexibility.
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Acute Endocrine Responses to Different Strength Exercise Order in Men

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da Conceição R. R., Simão R., Silveira A. L. B., e Silva G. C., Nobre M., Salerno V. P., Novaes J.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2014
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vol. 44
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issue 1
111-120
EN
This study compared the effects of order of muscle groups’ exercised (larger to smaller muscles vs. smaller to larger muscles) on the acute levels of total testosterone, free testosterone and cortisol during resistance training (RT) sessions. Healthy male participants (n=8; age: 28.8 ± 6.4 years; body mass: 87.0 ± 10.6 kg; body height: 181.0 ± 0.7 cm; BMI: 26.5 ± 4.1) were randomly separated into two experimental groups. The first group (LG-SM) performed an RT session (3 sets of 10 repetitions and a 2 min rest period) of the exercises in following order: bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LP), barbell shoulder press (BSP), triceps pushdown (TP) and barbell cut (BC). The second group (SM-LG) performed an RT session in following order: BC, TP, BSP, LA, BP. Blood was collected at the end of the last repetition of each session. Control samples of blood were taken after 30 min of rest. Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of total testosterone (p < 0.05), free testosterone (p < 0.0001) and cortisol (p < 0.0001) after both RT sessions in comparison to rest. However, when comparing LG-SM and SM-LG, no significant differences were found. The results suggest that, while RT sessions induce an acute change in the levels of testosterone and cortisol, this response is independent of the order of exercising muscle groups.
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Temperamental Traits Versus Individual Physical Fitness Components and a Physical Activity Level

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Bernatowicz D., Izdebski P., Boraczyński T., Boraczyński M.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
211-217
EN
The main aim of the study was to examine whether relationships exist between particular temperamental traits within the concept of Regulative Theory of Temperament and components of physical fitness, that are most crucial for success in sport. The research involved 108 individuals including 63 men (age 21.1 ± 1.6 yrs) and 45 women (age 20.7 ± 1.3 yrs). None of the respondents were professionally engaged in sport. Components of physical fitness included: aerobic capacity, strength, agility, static-dynamic balance and reaction time. The respondents also completed two questionnaires: the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The results indicate that the temperamental traits had average to poor correlations with the components of physical fitness, whereas more statistically significant correlations were observed in women. Negative correlations were obtained between emotional reactivity and agility, which was a result confirmed by previous research. All temperamental traits related with the energetic aspects of behaviour correlated with simple reaction time in women. Physical activity and aerobic capacity did not correlate with any of the studied traits. The results do not allow for any general conclusions to be drawn, but can serve as a reference point for future research on temperamental traits as delineated by Regulative Theory of Temperament and their relationship with the components of physical fitness.
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Criteria of Initial Selection of Candidates for Artistic Gymnastics

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Kochanowicz K., Kochanowicz A.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity
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2010
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vol. 2
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issue 1
75-84
EN
Background: The effectiveness of the training process and the level of sports results largely depend on the selection of candidates with appropriate psycho-physical predispositions and the efficiency of the training system. Therefore, selection for artistic gymnastics must be based on coaches' thorough knowledge regarding physical development, interdependence of particular systems and analysers, motor skills and mental determinants.The aim of the study was to develop quantitative criteria of initial selection of candidates for artistic gymnastics.Material/Methods: The study material comprised 319 boys aged 6 qualified for gymnastic training at the Interschool Sports Club and the Academic Sports Association of the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk in 1998 and in years 2002-2008.Results: The application of study results of correlative and factor analyses allowed determining that in the group of control indices one should consider independent most representative tests. They include somatic build indices of selected motor skills and special fitness.Conclusions: On the basis of indices of asymmetry and the concentration of the values of results around the mean value, optimal parameters, which can be viewed as model characteristics, have been worked out.
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Physical Fitness Level of 1stYear Medicine and Physiotherapy Students of Lublin Medical University

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Kotwica A., Majcher P.
Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
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2012
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vol. 19
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issue 2
107-112
EN
Introduction. The development of civilization is leading to lifestyle changes and diminishing physical activity as well as various types of sicknesses caused by a lack of movement. In order to reduce these negative effects we should maintain a proper level of physical activity, which is often regarded as a contributing factor to positive health levels. Material and st methods. The aim of this report is the assessment of physical fitness levels of 1st year male and female students of medicine and physiotherapy faculties at Lublin Medical University. The test was conducted on a group of 103 female and 52 male students of medicine as well as 50 female and 11 male students of physiotherapy. The survey was based on the Pilcz motor skills test and Denisiuk endurance test. Results and conclusions. The analysis of results showed differences in physical fitness between sexes while there were hardly any differences between the students of the two faculties. The overall level of physical fitness has been specified as the lower limit of the average level.
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Indicators of Adiposity in Brazilian Adolescents

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Schultz Straatmann V., Veiga G. V. d.
Human Movement
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2015
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vol. 16
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issue 2
64-70
EN
Purpose. In view of the increasing prevalence of overweight at early ages and its possible association with physical inactivity, investigations into the best method to assess physical inactivity and its association with excess weight in epidemiological studies are required. This study aimed to examine the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with indicators of adiposity in an adolescent population. Methods. This cross-sectional study involved a random sample of 697 students aged 12-19 years from public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Overweight was classified according to body mass index. Body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance, cardiorespiratory fitness by a 9 min run/walk test (T9), and physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to verify the magnitude of the associations. Results. Adolescents with poor T9 performance were more likely to be overweight (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.0) and have excess body fat (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3) than those with better performance. Those classified as moderately active by the IPAQ were more likely to have excess body fat than those classified as active (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8). Conclusions. Because of the greater magnitude of the association between cardiorespiratory fitness, as assessed by using the T9, with being overweight and having excess body fat, the T9 may serve as a valuable instrument in the school environment to identify inactive adolescents who are at risk of developing obesity.
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PHYSICAL FITNESS OF STUDENTS WHO GO IN FOR BOXING IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR PHYSICAL TRAINING

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Tkachuk V., Nazymok V.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 8
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issue 4
83-86
EN
Physical and special physical fitness of first and second year students which go in for boxing in the process of their physical training during one and two years, respectively, is defined here. The research involved 108 students: 54 students from first year and 54 students from second year, which were tested during the year (at the beginning and at the end). The following types of testing were used: standing long jump, lying dip up for 20 sec and 1 min, speed – 100 m running, endurance – running 3000 m, rope jumping (quantity per 1 min) and special physical fitness was determined by maximum quantity of left and right punches during 15 sec. There positive dynamics and growth of all physical fitness indicators of students who went in for boxing during the first year was defined. The students who went in for boxing for the second year showed better results and their dynamics (in addition to indicators of 100 m running speed).
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Somatotype is More Interactive with Strength than Fat Mass and Physical Activity in Peripubertal Children

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Marta C., Marinho D., Costa A., Barbosa T., Marques M.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 29A
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issue Special Issue
83-91
EN
The purpose of this study was to analyse the interaction between somatotype, body fat and physical activity in prepubescent children. This was a cross-sectional study design involving 312 children (160 girls, 152 boys) aged between 10 and 11.5 years old (10.8 ± 0.4 years old). Evaluation of body composition was done determining body mass index and body fat by means of skin-fold measurements, using the method described by Slaughter. Somatotype was computed according to the Carter's method. Physical activity was assessed with the Baecke questionnaire. The physical activity assessment employed sets of curl-ups, push-ups, standing broad jump, medicine ball throw, handgrip strength and Margaria-Kalamen power stair. There were negative associations for body fat, endomorphy and mesomorphy with curl-ups, push-ups and broad jump tests and positive associations with ball throw, handgrip strength and Margaria-Kalamen power tests. The associations for ectomorphy were the inverse of those for endomorphy and mesomorphy. Non obese children presented higher values for curl-ups, push-ups and standing broad jump. In medicine ball throw, handgrip strength and Margaria-Kalamen power test obese children presented higher scores, followed by children who were overweight. The mesoectomorphic boys and ectomesomorphic girls performed higher in all tests. The morphological typology presented more interactions with strength than % of body fat and physical activity. These data seem to suggest that the presence/absence of certain physical characteristics is crucial in the levels of motor provision in prepubescent children.
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Ocena Sprawności Fizycznej Wszechstronnej, Cech Somatycznych Kobiet i Mężczyzn po 65 Roku życia Oraz Określenie Różnic w Ich Motoryczności

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Bolach B., Seidel W., Michalak G., Fic M., Bolach E.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2014
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vol. 28
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issue 2
41-48
EN
Wstęp: Starzenie się człowieka jest ściśle powiązane z licznymi procesami metabolicz-nymi i fizjologicznymi. Zachodzą procesy zmiany składu ciała, ulega obniżeniu trwałość kości i elastyczności mięśni, ścięgien. Proces ten zwiększa skłonność do powstania prze-wlekłych schorzeń włączając chorobę wieńcową, osteoporozę czy cukrzycę. Uwzględnia-jąc powyższe czynniki, które są zależne od wieku dochodzi do obniżenia siły mięśniowej, zmian w układzie oddechowym oraz wpływu na samodzielne funkcjonowanie w życiu co-dziennym. Celem pracy była ocena sprawności fizycznej i cech somatycznych kobiet i męż-czyzn po 65 roku życia oraz określenie różnic w ich motoryczności. Materiał i metody: Badaniom poddano 60 osób, w tym po 30 kobiet i mężczyzn. Badano wysokość, masę ciała oraz obliczono wskaźnik BMI. Pomiar sprawności fizycznej wszech-stronnej wykonano testem „Eurofit”. Wyniki: Wyniki badań wykazały, że mężczyźni uzyskali w 7 próbach testu, z wyjątkiem gibkości i szybkości biegowej lepsze wyniki niż kobiety. Należy jednak dodać, iż zakres zmienności masy ciała a w szczególności wskaźnik BMI wskazywał, że zdecydowana więk-szość kobiet i mężczyzn miała nadwagę lub otyłość. Wnioski: Większość badanych kobiet i mężczyzn po 65 roku życia miała nadwagę i otyłość I stopnia przy podobnym rozkładzie wskaźnika BMI. Większe wartości wskaźnika BMI (> 25 kg/m2) stanowiły czynnik obniżający poziom sprawności fizycznej wszechstronnej badanych osób, głównie koordynacji psychomotorycznej, gibkości i siły eksplozywnej. Mężczyźni charakteryzowali się większym poczuciem równowagi ogólnej oraz szybkością ruchów ręki i koordynacji psychomotorycznej niż kobiety. Mężczyźni wykazali się większą siłą i wytrzymałością mięśni, natomiast kobiety większą gibkością. Natomiast nie stwier-dzono różnic w próbie szybkościowej.
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Physical condition and physical fitness of the candidates for polar expeditions

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Kłossowski M., Łysoń-Wojciechowska G., Kwarecki K., Kłossowski M., Łysoń-Wojciechowska G., Kwarecki K.
Polish Polar Research
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1982
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vol. 3
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issue 1-2
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The use of the “eduball” educational ball in rural and urban primary schools and the physical fitness levels of children

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Cichy I., Rokita A.
Human Movement
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2012
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vol. 13
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issue 3
247-257
EN
Purpose. Our study aimed at assessing the effects of introducing a modified physical educational program that uses “eduball” educational balls during exercise, play-time and games on the physical fitness of first-grade primary school students. In addition, the study also took under consideration whether any noted changes depended on where the students lived, i.e., in an urban or rural environment. Methods. A total of 127 first-grade students were selected to participate in the pedagogical experiment, with 48 students from a primary school in an urban environment and 79 students from two primary schools located in rural villages. The physical fitness levels of the children were assessed by using selected batteries from the International Physical Fitness Test before and after implementing the “eduball” physical education program. Results. The results found that physical fitness levels were not affected by the use of the “eduball” educational ball, regardless of the environment. However, the physical fitness results of both the boys and girls in the rural experimental group may confirm that the activities that used the educational balls, which emphasize running, can have an impact on the motor development of children’s speed and agility skills. Conclusions. The boys from the urban experimental and urban control groups in both tests achieved better results than their peers from rural areas. However, this may be more strongly related to the overall higher physical fitness levels of the boys from an urban environment (as was found in the first test), rather than their place of residence or their schools’ sports facilities, which were found to be comparable. In the groups of girls, a somewhat different trend was observed, with girls from the urban environment performing better than girls from rural areas among the analyzed fitness variables in the first test, but with the differences leveling out by the second test.
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The State of Health of Women Aged 20-59 at Different Levels of Physical Activity

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Nowak P., Ignasiak Z.
Human Movement
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2008
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vol. 9
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issue 1
27-33
EN
Purpose. The assessment of the state of health of population using positive indices is crucial for health promotion. The following study focuses on the levels of somatic growth and physical fitness of adult women living in small towns and on their dependence on physical activity. Basic procedures. The research sample consisted of two groups of women: one consisting of women taking part in health-related training and a control group. All in all, 421 subjects participated in the study aged 20-59 years, divided into age ‘decade’ cohorts. The procedures applied included measurements of the main somatic parameters and physical fitness tests. Main findings. More favorable somatic parameters and a higher level of physical fitness were noted in the training women than in women from the control group. Conclusions. Systematic physical activity of two 50-min training units per week is an essential stimulation of women in productive age.
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The Effects of Water Exercises and Swimming on Physical Fitness of Children with Mental Retardation

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Yılmaz I., Ergu N., Konukman F., Agbuğa B., Zorba E., Cimen Z.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2009
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vol. 21
105-111
EN
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of water exercises and swimming on physical fitness of children with mental retardation. Nine trainable and 7 educable male children (n = 16) were recruited from a rehabilitation center. The mean ages of the groups were 12.22±0.49 and 14.71±0.52 years, respectively. Training program was applied for 10-week, two times a week for 40 minute each session. Pre- and post-tests measurements were taken for cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, speed, static balance, and agility. Results showed that both groups improved significantly (p<0.05) in all dependent variables. Water exercises and swimming appear to be a viable and effective way to improve physical fitness capacity of the children with mental retardation.
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A comparison of two aerobic training methods (running vs rope jumping) on health-related physical fitness in 10 to 12 years old boys

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Arazi H., Jalali-Fard A., Abdinejad H.
Physical Activity Review
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2016
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vol. 4
9-17
EN
The purpose of this study was to compare of two aerobic training methods on health-related physical fitness in 10 to 12 years old boys. Thirty-three male students (age 11.27±0.64 year, weight 40.58±9.03 kg, height 151.45±6.34 cm) were recruited from preliminary school and randomly were assigned into rope-jump training (n=12), running training (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. Due to the grouping, each for 8 weeks did the rope jumping or running. Before and after the 8-week training period, factors of health-related fitness, including flexibility, muscular endurance, aerobic power and fat Percentage of the subjects were measured. The results indicated a significant positive effect of rope-jumping training on aerobic power, muscular endurance and body composition and meaningful improvement of aerobic power and body composition by running training (p≤0.05). Due to increasing urbanization and lack of space in homes and schools, rope-jump training can be a good alternative rather than running for physical fitness promotion.
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