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1

Monitoring Plyometric Exercise Intensity Using Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale

100%

Asadi A.

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vol. 2

10-15

EN

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale to measure plyometric exercise intensity during low (L), moderate (M) and high (H) intensity. Fourteen physically active students (age; 21±1.1 y, height; 178.7±8.2 cm and body mass; 74.6±9.1 kg) volunteered to participate in this study and performed each intensity once separated with 24 h recovery. The H consisted of 1 set of 5 repetitions at 90% of the subject’s vertical jump height (VJH). The M consisted of 10 repetitions at 70% VJT, and the L consisted of 1 set of 15 repetitions at 50% VJH. RPE was measured following the completion each intensity using 0-10 Borg RPE scale. Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and the level of significant was set at p < 0.05. The results indicated increases in RPE following enhancing exercise intensity (p < 0.05). Performing fewer repetitions at a higher intensity was perceived to be more difficult than performing more repetitions at a lower intensity. The results of the current investigation revealed that the RPE method is effective in monitoring different plyometric exercise and training intensities and it can be recommend that strength and conditioning professionals and athletes use the RPE method based on the effectiveness tool for monitoring their plyometric exercise and training sessions at different intensities.

2

Effects of Elbow Flexor Muscle Resistance Training on Strength, Endurance and Perceived Exertion

88%

Gonçalves M., Souza Castelo Oliveira A.

Human Movement

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2013

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vol. 14

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issue 2

110-115

EN

Purpose. To verify the effects of resistance training at the electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT) based on one-repetition maximum strength (1RM), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (PE) and endurance time (EndT). Methods. Nineteen subjects (training group [TG]: n = 10; control group [CG]: n = 9), performed 1-min bicep curl exercises sets at 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% 1RM. Electromyography (biceps brachii and brachiorradialis), HR and PE were registered. Biceps brachii EMGFT was used to create a load index for an eight-week resistance training programme (three sets until exhaustion/session, two sessions/week) for the TG. The CG only attended one session in the first week and another session in the last week of the eight-week training period for EndT measurement. EndT was determined from the number of repetitions of each of the three sets performed in the first and last training sessions. After training, 1RM, EMGFT, EndT, HR and PE at the different bicep curl load intensities were again measured for both groups. Results. Increases in 1RM (5.9%, p < 0.05) and EndT (> 60%, p < 0.001) after training were found. In addition, PE was reduced at all load intensities (p < 0.05), while no changes were found for HR and EMGFT after training. Conclusions. Strength-endurance training based on the EMGFT improved muscular endurance and also, to a lesser extent, muscular strength. Moreover, the reduced levels of physical exertion after training at the same intensity suggest that endurance training exercises may improve comfort while performing strength exercises.

3

Predicting Power Output of Upper Body using the OMNI-RES Scale

88%

Bautista I. J., Chirosa I. J., Tamayo I. M., González A., Robinson J. E., Chirosa L. J., Robertson R. J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2014

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vol. 44

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issue 1

161-169

EN

The main aim of this study was to determine the optimal training zone for maximum power output. This was to be achieved through estimating mean bar velocity of the concentric phase of a bench press using a prediction equation. The values for the prediction equation would be obtained using OMNI-RES scale values of different loads of the bench press exercise. Sixty males ( [...] voluntarily participated in the study and were tested using an incremental protocol on a Smith machine to determine one repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press exercise. A linear regression analysis produced a strong correlation (r = -0.94) between rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and mean bar velocity (Velmean). The Pearson correlation analysis between real power output (PotReal) and estimated power (PotEst) showed a strong correlation coefficient of r = 0.77, significant at a level of p = 0.01. Therefore, the OMNI-RES scale can be used to predict Velmean in the bench press exercise to control the intensity of the exercise. The positive relationship between PotReal and PotEst allowed for the identification of a maximum power-training zone.

4

Effects of Pre-Exhausting the Biceps Brachii Muscle on the Performance of the Front Lat Pull-Down Exercise Using Different Handgrip Positions

88%

Vilaça-Alves J., Geraldes L., Fernandes H. M., Vaz L., Farjalla R., Saavedra F., Reis V. M.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2014

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vol. 42

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issue 1

157-163

EN

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of pre-exhaustion (PE) of the biceps brachii muscle (BB) on the number of repetitions and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in the front lat pull-down (FLPD) using different handgrip positions. Additionally, the effect of sex and its interaction with performance and the RPE were also examined. The participants were 19 healthy subjects: 8 men (age: 27.13±2.85 years; body height: 180.63±6.65 cm; body mass: 82.05±8.92 kg; and body fat: 14.67±6.09%); and 11 women (age: 28.81±3.68 years; body height: 162.91±6.51 cm; body mass 59.63±6.47 kg; and body fat: 24.11±4.33%). The number of repetitions and the RPE in the FLPD exercise with different handgrip positions, with and without PE of the BB, was documented. The following main significant effects were seen: i) PE of the BB decreased the number of repetitions (p<0.001) and increased the RPE (p<0.001); ii) the narrow handgrip width elicited a higher RPE (p<0.001) and iii) women performed fewer repetitions than men in all FLPD exercise variations (p=0.023). Significant interactions were also observed between: i) PE or sex and the RPE (p=0.024); and ii) PE or handgrip width and the number of repetitions (p<0.001). In conclusion, PE of the BB promotes a decreased performance in the FLPD exercise along with a greater RPE, especially when using a narrow handgrip position

5

The Effect 0f Warm-up on Tethered Front Crawl Swimming Forces

88%

Neiva H., Morouço P., Silva A., Marques M., Marinho D.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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vol. 29A

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issue Special Issue

113-119

EN

This study was conducted to determine the effect of warm-up on high-intensity front crawl tethered swimming and thus to better understand possible variations in the force exerted by the swimmers. Ten male national level swimmers (mean ± SD; age 15.3 ± 0.95 years old, height: 1.73 ± 5.2 m, body mass: 64.3 ± 7.8 kg, Fat mass 8.31 ± 3.1 kg) participated in this study. After a typical competition warm-up, the subjects performed a 30 s tethered swimming all-out effort in front crawl swimming technique. The same test was repeated in the day after but performed without warming up. Capillary blood lactate concentration was assessed before and after the swimming test and the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale was used. Without a previous warm-up, the mean ± SD values of maximum and mean forces were 299.62 ± 77.56 N and 91.65 ± 14.70 N, respectively. These values were different (p<0.05) from the values obtained with warm-up (351.33 ± 81.85 N and 103.97 ± 19.11 N). Differences were also observed when regarding to the forces relative to body mass. However, the values of lactate net concentrations after the test performed with and without warm-up were not different (6.27 ± 2.36 mmol·l-1 and 6.18 ± 2.353 mmol·l-1) and the same occurs with the values of ratings of perceived exertion (15.90 ± 2.42 and 15.60 ± 2.27). These results suggest an improvement of the maximum and mean force of the swimmer on the tethered swimming due to previous warm-up.

6

Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Continuous and Intermittent Cycling

88%

Brasil R., Barreto A., Nogueira L., Santos E., Novaes J., Reis V.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2011

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vol. 29A

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issue Special Issue

59-68

EN

The present study tested the hypothesis that the exercise protocol (continuous vs. intermittent) would affect the physiological response and the perception of effort during aquatic cycling. Each protocol was divided on four stages. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, blood lactate concentration, central and peripheral rate of perceived exertion were collected in both protocols in aquatic cycling in 10 women (values are mean ± SD): age=32.8 ± 4.8 years; height=1.62 ± 0.05 cm; body mass=61.60 ± 5.19 kg; estimated body fat=27.13 ± 4.92%. Protocols were compared through two way ANOVA with Scheffé's post-hoc test and the test of Mann- Whitney for rate of perceived exertion with α=0.05. No systematic and consistent differences in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, double product and blood lactate concentration were found between protocols. On the other hand, central rate of perceived exertion was significantly higher at stage four during continuous protocol compared with intermittent protocol (p=0.01), while the peripheral rate of perceived exertion presented higher values at stages three (p=0.02) and four (p=0.00) in the continuous protocol when compared to the results found in intermittent protocol. These findings suggest that although the aquatic cycling induces similar physiologic demands in both protocols, the rate of perceived exertion may vary according to the continuous vs. intermittent nature of the exercise.

7

The Borg Scale at high altitude

88%

Küpper T., Heussen N., Morrison A., Schöffl V., Basnyat B., Hillebrandt D., Milledge J., Steffgen J., Meier B.

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EN

Introduction: The Borg Scale for perceived exertion is well established in science and sport to keep an appropriate level of workload or to rate physical strain. Although it is also often used at moderate and high altitude, it was never validated for hypoxic conditions. Since pulse rate and minute breathing volume at rest are increased at altitude it may be expected that the rating of the same workload is higher at altitude compared to sea level.Material and methods: 16 mountaineers were included in a prospective randomized design trial. Standardized workload (ergometry) and rating of the perceived exertion (RPE) were performed at sea level, at 3,000 m, and at 4,560 m. For validation of the scale Maloney-Rastogi-test and Bland-Altmann-Plots were used to compare the Borg ratings at each intensity level at the three altitudes; p < 0.05 was defined as significant.Results: In Bland-Altmann-Plots more than 95% of all Borg ratings were within the interval of 1.96 x standard deviation. There was no significant deviation of the ratings at moderate or high altitude. The correlation between RPE and workload or oxygen uptake was weak.Conclusion: The Borg Scale for perceived exertion gives valid results at moderate and high altitude – at least up to about 5,000 m. Therefore it may be used at altitude without any modification. The weak correlation of RPE and workload or oxygen uptake indicates that there should be other factors indicating strain to the body. What is really measured by Borg’s Scale should be investigated by a specific study.

8

A Review on the Effects of Soccer Small-Sided Games

75%

Aguiar M., Botelho G., Lago C., Maças V., Sampaio J.

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EN

Over the last years there has been a substantial growth in research related to specific training methods in soccer with a strong emphasis on the effects of small-sided games. The increase of research in this topic is coincident with the increase of popularity obtained by specific soccer conditioning, which involves training players to deal with soccer match situations. Given the limited time available for fitness training in soccer, the effectiveness of small-sided games as a conditioning stimulus needs to be optimized to allow players to compete at the highest level. Available studies indicate that physiological responses (e.g. heart rate, blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion), tactical and technical skill requirements can be modified during small-sided games by altering factors such as the number of players, the size of the pitch, the rules of the game, and coach encouragement. However, because of the lack of consistency in small-sided games design, player fitness, age, ability, level of coach encouragement, and playing rules in each of these studies, it is difficult to make accurate conclusions on the influence of each of these factors separately.

9

The Use of Hiking Sticks in the Mountains – Recommendation of the Medical Commission of the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA)

51%

Koukoutsi A.

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EN

Many hikers, mountaineers and climbers use telescopic sticks because they may aid walking up/downhill and may also ease the strain on the spine and the lower extremity joints particularly the knees. The reductions during downhill walking with hiking poles are caused primarily by the forces applied to the hiking poles and by a change in posture to a more forward leaning position of the upper body.In order to have any benefits from telescopic sticks, they must be used with the correct technique: The sticks must be height-adjustable and have handles that are constructed in a way that the user’s hands, when pressing down, firm support is provided (or gained). It is of utmost importance to use the sticks as close as possible to the body’s line of fall. It has been shown that there is no significant difference in using one or two sticks when walking without a load, but when walking with a load, balance is significantly enhanced by using two hiking sticks rather than one. Previously a possible loss of the ability to maintain balance in rough or exposed terrain (e.g. small ridges) has been discussed (Berghold, F. personal communication). However, this could not be supported by studies. At high altitude or in cold environment the sticks should not be adjusted too long (the hands should be lower than the elbow when using the stick), because otherwise the circulation will be impaired and the user will get cold fingers in a very short time.

Refine search results

Monitoring Plyometric Exercise Intensity Using Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale

Effects of Elbow Flexor Muscle Resistance Training on Strength, Endurance and Perceived Exertion

Predicting Power Output of Upper Body using the OMNI-RES Scale

Effects of Pre-Exhausting the Biceps Brachii Muscle on the Performance of the Front Lat Pull-Down Exercise Using Different Handgrip Positions

The Effect 0f Warm-up on Tethered Front Crawl Swimming Forces

Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Continuous and Intermittent Cycling

The Borg Scale at high altitude

A Review on the Effects of Soccer Small-Sided Games

The Use of Hiking Sticks in the Mountains – Recommendation of the Medical Commission of the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA)