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Hypoglossal nerve stimulation [HGNS] for Obstructive Sleep Apnea [OSA] treatment – a review

100%
Bilińska M., Niemczyk K.
Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny
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2017
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vol. 6(3)
67-72
EN
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent periods of upper airway obstruction (hypopneas and apneas) during sleep. It leads to repeated oxyhemoglobin desaturations, nocturnal hypercapnia, and arousals. Common symptoms include loud snoring with breathing interruptions. Excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment occur. Obstructive sleep apnea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society. Its association with an increased risk of development and progression of neurocognitive, metabolic, cardiovascular and oncologic diseases and complications is well described. The significant factor in OSA pathogenesis is reduced muscle tone in the tongue and upper airway. In the recent years, devices providing neurostimulation of the hypoglossal nerve (HGNS) were developed as an alternative for noncompliant CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) patients. Clinical trials suggest that electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve is effective. This is considered to be one of the targets of neurostimulation in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
2
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Neurostimulation, neuromodulation, and the treatment of epilepsies

63%
Bolden L. B., Pati S., Szaflarski J. P.
Journal of Epileptology
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2015
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vol. 23
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issue 1
45-59
EN
Introduction. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation are techniques that may be able to affect the course of epilepsy. In the last 20 years, since the approval of VNS, we have observed a surge of studies assessing the potential of other devices and techniques for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsies including deep brain stimulation (DBS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Are these devices and techniques simply another treatment option that can be offered to patients with epilepsy or do they offer specific advantages when compared to the standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)? Aim. The aim of this review is to present the neurostimulation and neuromodulation devices and techniques that are now in use, or at least available for testing and to discuss the science behind them, their applications, efficacy, potential risks vs. benefits and, above all, how to navigate the choices so clinicians are able to provide their patients with the best possible option for the treatment of epilepsy. Material and methods. We analyzed PubMed and MEDLINE databases to select the most salient and recent (up to November 2014) publications on each treatment device. In addition to these searches bibliographies of selected articles were hand-searched for possible sources. Discussion and conclusions. Great progress in neurostimulation and neuromodulation has been made over the last two decades with 2 devices (VNS, RNS) approved for the treatment of epilepsy in the US and three (DBS in addition to VNS and RNS) in Europe. The future of neuromodulation/neurostimulation is exciting – various studies and efforts are underway and will provide us with more data in the future. There appears to be one clear advantage of these treatments/devices over the AEDs that is consistently noted – routinely observed is continuous improvement in seizure control over time. This is something that the AEDs have thus far failed to deliver.
3
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Chirurgiczne metody leczenia padaczki

51%
Kaczorowska B., Pawełczyk M., Przybyła M.
Aktualności Neurologiczne
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2012
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vol. 12
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issue 3
159-163
EN
Despite a systematic and multidrug treatment, about 6–10% epileptic patients continue to present epileptic seizures. This is the so-called drug-resistant epilepsy. Authors discuss currently available surgical epilepsy treatment. Potential candidates are patients with focal epilepsy and epileptogenic foci which may be removed without causing new neurological deficits. We present diagnostic techniques enabling precise location of focus within the brain (Holter EEG, videometry, telemetry, digital EEG, MRI, SPECT, PET, electrocorticography). We also show the types of neurosurgical procedures used in epilepsy therapy: procedures of resection (lobectomy, lesionectomy, hemispherectomy, extensive multilobar resection), procedures of disconnection (callosotomy) and procedures of neurostimulation (vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation). We consider these methods might be of benefit in a selected group of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
PL
U około 6–10% chorych z padaczką, u których stosowano różne kombinacje leków przeciwpadaczkowych, mimo systematycznego leczenia nadal występują napady. Są to chorzy z tzw. padaczką lekooporną. Autorzy przedstawiają możliwości chirurgicznego leczenia takich osób. Potencjalnymi kandydatami do takiego leczenia padaczki są też chorzy z napadami częściowymi prostymi z precyzyjnie określonym ogniskiem padaczkorodnym, którego usunięcie jest możliwe i nie spowoduje powstania u pacjenta tzw. ubytków neurologicznych. W pracy omówiono techniki diagnostyczne pozwalające zlokalizować ognisko padaczkowe w mózgu (EEG z możliwościami długotrwałego monitorowania: Holter, wideometria, telemetria; cyfrowe EEG: rezonans magnetyczny, SPECT, PET, elektrokortykografia). Przedstawiono także rodzaje zabiegów neurochirurgicznych wykonywanych w celu leczenia padaczki: zabiegi resekcyjne (lobektomia, lezjonektomia, hemisferektomia, rozległa resekcja wielopłatowa), zabiegi rozłączeniowe (kallozotomia) oraz zabiegi neurostymulacyjne (stymulacja nerwu błędnego, głęboka stymulacja mózgu). Autorzy uważają, że w pewnych określonych przypadkach chorych z padaczką niepoddającą się leczeniu farmakologicznemu są to skuteczne metody leczenia.
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