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1
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Motor development of a child in the first three months of life

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Kloze A., Stępowska J.
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2019
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vol. 33
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issue 1
43-48
EN
The standards as to when children should acquire particular gross and fine motor skills were presented in that study. Proper motor development of children may affect all aspects of their lives. Early detection and diagnosis of abnormalities make it possible to cope with developmental disorders quickly. The functioning of children changes in the first year of their lives. Children gain indispensable experience from the surrounding world and learn to react to external stimuli. They also develop their patterns of behavior and improve perception. This work focuses on selected aspects of motor development that play a significant role in the process of physiotherapy aimed at infants in their first trimester.
2
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COMPARISON OF MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1996 AND 2006

100%
Kotarska K., Drohomirecka A., Sygit M., Sygit K., Eider J.
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
53-63
EN
The first study was conducted in 1996 in 10 (i.e. all) nurseries and 11 randomly selected preschools in Szczecin. The study involved 526 children (257 boys and 269 girls) aged 1-4 years, and 865 children from preschools (448 boys and 417 girls) aged 4-7 years. In 2006, the study was repeated in seven nurseries (i.e. all nurseries that existed in Szczecin at the time) and 11 preschools in the city of Szczecin, i.e. the same as in 1996. The study involved 314 children attending nurseries: 169 boys and 145 girls aged 1.5-4 and 887 preschool children (461 boys and 426 girls) aged 4-6 years. Motor development of nursery children was assessed based on the Denver test in two selected areas. The level of motor development in preschool children was assessed on the basis of a modified Wrocław Physical Fitness Test developed by B. Sekita. Comparison of the results helped answer the question whether and what developmental changes took place over a decade. The results indicated that the level of motor development of children in Szczecin, compared with children examined 10 years earlier, showed no significant differences.
3
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Analysis of kinematic parameters of gait in Brazilian children using a low-cost procedure

88%
Virgens Chagas D. d., Leporace G., Praxedes J., Carvalho I., Pinto S., Batista L. A.
Human Movement
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 4
340-346
EN
Purpose. The aim of the study was to describe the gait kinematic behaviour of healthy Brazilian children aged 6-11 years old and examine the influence of age and gender on the analysed kinematic characteristics. Methods. A descriptive study that investigated the gait of 119 children (60 boys and 59 girls) aged 6-11 years was conducted. Data were stratified according to age (6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years) and gender and its impact over spatiotemporal gait parameters was assessed. An inexpensive yet satisfactorily valid and objective motion capture system was employed to compute gait parameters. Results. Non-normalised and normalised averages of stride length, step length, cadence and velocity from 119 participants were 1.23 ± 0.17 m and 1.8 ± 0.2, 0.63 ± 0.11 m and 0.9 ± 0.1 m, 117.9 ± 11.4 steps/min and 311.9 ± 23.9 steps/min, 72.5 ± 11.1 m/min and 27.9 ± 4.5 m/min, respectively. Stance and swing means (%GC) were 58.1% ± 3.3% and 41.9% ± 3.3%, respectively. Step and stride length increased with advancing age, while cadence decreased. A significant difference (p = 0.005) was found between Group 2 (8-9 years) and 3 (10-11 years) for normalised velocity. No significant differences between groups were found for other non-dimensional variables. Comparisons between boys and girls showed no differences (p > 0.05) in any spatiotemporal gait parameters. Conclusions. The gait kinematic behaviour of 119 Brazilian children was described using a low-cost instrumented gait analysis system. Gender was not a significant modifying factor for gait among the examined children. Our findings suggest a partially immature gait kinematic pattern in children aged between 6 to 11 years. Additional studies are needed to examine whether the differences between our results and those reported in the literature are due to issues of internal or external validity.
4
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Motor Development of Children and Adolescents Aged 8-16 Years in View of Their Somatic Build and Objective Quality of Life of Their Families

75%
Puciato D., Mynarski W., Rozpara M., Borysiuk Z., Szyguła R.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2011
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vol. 28
45-53
EN
The differences in human motor development are determined by predispositions and living conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine relationships between motor fitness of children and adolescents aged 8-16 years (277 boys and 247 girls), and their somatic build and quality of life of their families. Body height, body mass and skinfold thickness were measured. On the basis of these measurements body mass index (BMI), Rohrer's index and lean body mass (LBM) were calculated. The subjects' physical fitness was also assessed with motor tests: speed of arm movement (plate tapping), agility (10 × 5 m shuttle run), explosive strength of the legs (standing broad jump), trunk strength (situps), explosive strength of the trunk and shoulder girdle (1-kg medicine ball throw), and flexibility (sit and reach) regarded as a morpho-functional predisposition of motor abilities. The standing broad jump results were then used to calculate maximal anaerobic power (MPA). The examination was completed with a questionnaire survey of the children's parents concerning their families' quality of life. On the basis of the parents' answers to the questionnaire, two quality of life indices were constructed: objective quality of life index and subjective quality of life index. Due to the wide age bracket of subjects the sample was divided into two age groups: 8-12 and 13-16-year-olds. The relationships between subjects' motor development, somatic traits and their families' quality of life were examined with the use of multivariate comparative analysis. The level of motor development of studied children was more strongly determined by their somatic build than the quality of life of their families. The most important somatic determinants of the subjects' motor abilities were body height and subcutaneous adiposity. These determinants primarily affected speed and strength abilities of younger school children. Objective quality of life of children's families determined the development of some strength abilities in children aged 8-12 years. No correlations between the subjects' motor development and subjective quality of life of their families were found.
5
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Ocena sprawności fizycznej oraz budowy somatycznej kobiet w wieku podeszłym z zaburzeniami psychicznymi na tle pełnosprawnych intelektualnie i psychicznie

63%
Gąsior P.
Polish Journal of Sports Medicine
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2018
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vol. 34(2)
89-97
EN
Background. As a consequence of population aging, an increase in mental disorders in the elderly is observed. The age related decrease in physical fitness results in the lack of independence in many elderly people. What is interesting is that there is a relationship between mental disorders of the elderly and the level of their physical fitness. The aim of the study was to compare the results of motor fitness and somatotypes of elderly persons with and without mental disorders. Material and methods. The research was conducted in a sample of 60 women. The research group (n = 30) included women with mental disorders while the control group comprised women (n = 30) without any history of mental illness. Fullerton Fitness Test was used to assess physical fitness and a certified bioimpedance weighing scale was used to assess the participants’ somatotypes. In the assessment of intergroup differences, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess the significance of differences between two independent groups. Results. In the studied groups, statistically insignificant differences in somatic structure were observed. All examined women obtained an elevated BMI (about 27) and had an increased percentage of body fat exceeding 36% BF. The motor efficiency of the examined women in the tests for the strength of upper limbs (WR = 0.12) and lower limbs (WR = 0.19) was at a similar level. Statistically significant differences in favor of non-disabled women were obtained in the assessment of upper flexibility (WR = 1.36) and lower body (WR = 1.02) and coordination and balance (WR = 7.40). Conclusions. There were no statistically significant differences between the women with mental disorders and the non-disabled women, taking into account the level and degree of differentiation of the majority of traits examined and somatic building indices. In the assessment of motor fitness, women with disabilities were characterized by lower levels of flexibility and coordination.
PL
Wstęp. W konsekwencji starzenia się społeczeństw obserwuje się wzrost zaburzeń psychicznych u osób starszych. Spadek sprawności fizycznej powoduje brak samodzielności seniorów. Interesującym jest fakt zależności pomiędzy zaburzeniami psychicznymi wieku podeszłego a poziomem sprawności fizycznej. Celem pracy była ocena sprawności motorycznej oraz budowy somatycznej osób starszych z zaburzeniami psychicznymi na tle pełnosprawnych intelektualnie i psychicznie. Materiał i metody. Badania własne przeprowadzono w 2016 roku na grupie 60 kobiet. Grupę badaną (n=30) stanowiły kobiety z zaburzeniami psychicznymi, a grupę porównawczą (n=30) kobiety pełnosprawne intelektualnie i psychicznie. Do oceny sprawności fizycznej wykorzystano Fullerton Fitness Test, a do oceny budowy somatycznej posłużono się certyfikowaną wagą bioimpedancyjną. W ocenie różnic międzygrupowych zastosowano wskaźnik unormowanych różnic (WR) do oceny istotności różnic pomiędzy dwoma niezależnymi grupami – test U-Manna Whitney’a. Wyniki. W badanych grupach zaobserwowano nieistotne różnice w budowie somatycznej. Wszystkie badane kobiety uzyskały podniesioną wartość wskaźnika BMI (ok.27) oraz odznaczały się podwyższoną procentową zawartością tkanki tłuszczowej przekraczającą 36% BF. Sprawność motoryczna badanych kobiet w próbach dla siły kończyn górnych (WR=0,12) oraz kończyn dolnych (WR= 0,19) kształtowała się na podobnym poziomie. Statystycznie znamienne różnice na korzyść kobiet pełnosprawnych uzyskano w ocenie gibkości górnej (WR=1,36) i dolnej części ciała (WR=1,02) oraz koordynacji i równowagi (WR=7,40). Wnioski. Kobiety z zaburzeniami psychicznymi nie różniły się istotnie statystycznie od kobiet pełnosprawnych uwzględniając poziom i stopnień zróżnicowania większości badanych cech i wskaźników budowy somatycznej. W ocenie sprawności motorycznej kobiety z zaburzeniami odznaczały się niższym poziomem gibkości i koordynacji.
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