Purpose. In view of the increasing prevalence of overweight at early ages and its possible association with physical inactivity, investigations into the best method to assess physical inactivity and its association with excess weight in epidemiological studies are required. This study aimed to examine the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with indicators of adiposity in an adolescent population. Methods. This cross-sectional study involved a random sample of 697 students aged 12-19 years from public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Overweight was classified according to body mass index. Body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance, cardiorespiratory fitness by a 9 min run/walk test (T9), and physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to verify the magnitude of the associations. Results. Adolescents with poor T9 performance were more likely to be overweight (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.0) and have excess body fat (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3) than those with better performance. Those classified as moderately active by the IPAQ were more likely to have excess body fat than those classified as active (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8). Conclusions. Because of the greater magnitude of the association between cardiorespiratory fitness, as assessed by using the T9, with being overweight and having excess body fat, the T9 may serve as a valuable instrument in the school environment to identify inactive adolescents who are at risk of developing obesity.
Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of premature death in Europe. In Poland, the percentage mortality is 2, 5 times higher than in Western European countries. Aim. To assess patients' knowledge of the need for diet and physical activity after cardiac surgery. Material and methods. The study involved a group of 150 patients after cardiac surgery. The research was conducted at the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Clinical Centre in Gdansk. The study used a questionnaire of our own design. Results. Over half of the respondents stated that they had an average amount of knowledge with regard to healthy eating, while one in four had a less than average level of knowledge, and 16% opined that they had a superior knowledge of the same. These results are dependent on age and degree of formal education, and to adherence to dietary recommendations of gender, to financial situation and marital status. With regard to average dietary adherence, more women than men properly identified products harmful to human health. These last results bore little correlation to place of residence or degree of formal education. In addition, slightly more than half of the respondents (55.3%) practiced some sort of physical activity, but up 44.7% does not do any. More active were women and younger people (of both sexes), and those with higher degrees of formal education. Conclusions. Knowledge of patients with regard to diet after cardiac surgery is dependent on age and degree of formal education, and to adherence to dietary recommendations of gender, to financial situation and marital status. However, formal education and place of residence does not have a significant impact on the level of knowledge of products that are harmful to human health and behavior. Both sex, place of residence and degree of formal education have an impact on level of physical activity in general, as well as on its individual manifestations. More active are women, younger people and those with higher formal education.
The aim of the present study was the analysis of match activities of full-backs from selected European national soccer leagues. The study sample comprised 30 full-backs playing in the autumn round of the 2014/15 season from five European national top-tier leagues: English Premier League, Spanish Primera Division, German Bundesliga, Russian Priemjer Liga and Italian Serie A. The performance of full-backs (left-back and right-back) from each selected team was analyzed using a professional match analysis system OptaPro which tracks every possible type of ball touch and on the ball action in match covered by a rigid set of definitions. The data for analysis included the total number of passes, total number of crosses, and total number of ball touches performed by the fullbacks in three zones of the pitch: attack, midfield and defense. The study results showed that the full-backs from the Spanish Primera Division executed the highest number of passes and crosses as well as ball touches in the attack zone. They also performed the lowest number of passes in the midfield and defense zones, in which the highest percentage of passes was achieved by the full-backs from the German league teams. The study indicates that in modern soccer defenders must possess a high level of offensive skills that can be necessary in the last stage of a team’s attack.
In the assessment of ADHD, clinicians rely mainly on subjective evaluation based on behavioral questionnaire. Altered motor activity is a frequent symptom of ADHD. The diagnostic modality enabling a precise and objective assessment of motor activity is actigraphy. Method: Actigraph, a new mini-motion logger, in fact a wrist-worn minicomputer, enables an objective assessment of motor activity and is particularly useful in children due to its small size. Material: Thirty-two boys and 5 girls with a diagnosis of ADHD were included in the study. Children with ADHD underwent actigraphic examination and results obtained were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Level of activity was objectively measured in children with ADHD subtypes: mixed (n=23) and predominantly inattentive (n=14). Actigraph was worn by 37 children (32 boys and 5 girls) during 3 days and 3 nights non-stop. Level of activity was measured as mean value in 30-minutes’ periods. Results: No differences in level of activity were noticed between both subtypes of ADHD. Results of actigraphic examination did not correlate with clinical assessment. Conclusions: Results obtained did not support distinction of ADHD subtypes (according to DSM-IV classification); children with mixed ADHD subtype were not more active than those with predominantly inattentive ADHD subtype.
PL
Stawiając diagnozę ADHD, lekarze opierają się przede wszystkim na subiektywnej ocenie według kwestionariusza diagnostycznego. Zmiany aktywności ruchowej są często obserwowanym objawem ADHD. Metodą, która pozwala na precyzyjny i obiektywny pomiar aktywności ruchowej, jest aktografia. Metoda: Nowy, mały aktograf, będący minikomputerem noszonym na przegubie, umożliwia obiektywną ocenę i jest szczególnie przydatny do badania dzieci ze względu na swoje rozmiary. W badaniach wzięło udział 32 chłopców i 5 dziewcząt zdiagnozowanych w kierunku ADHD. Dzieci z ADHD były oceniane aktograficznie, a rezultaty porównywano pod kątem wieku i płci. Dokonano obiektywnego pomiaru poziomu aktywności (aktograficznego) w grupie dzieci z podtypem ADHD: mieszanym i z przewagą zaburzeń uwagi. Aktograf był noszony przez 37 dzieci (32 chłopców i 5 dziewcząt) przez trzy doby. Czternastu pacjentów miało rozpoznany podtyp z przewagą zaburzeń uwagi, 23 dzieci - podtyp mieszany ADHD. Aktywność była oceniana jako średnia wartość w przedziałach 30-minutowych. Wyniki: Nie zanotowano różnic w aktywności między podlypami ADHD. Wyniki pomiaru aktywności nie korespondowały z oceną kliniczną. Wnioski: Uzyskane wyniki nie potwierdzają podziału na podtypy ADHD wg klasyfikacji DSM-IV i większej aktywności dzieci z podtypem mieszanym w porównaniu z dziećmi z podtypem z przewagą zaburzeń uwagi.
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