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Overview of University Sport in Iran

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This article focuses on the structure and management systems of sport at Iranian universities. The method of this research was through an analysis of documents. Sport in the system of Iranian universities is divided into three different categories. The physical education department of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology of Iran is responsible for sport at universities in the country, and managing sport affairs. Authority was granted to secretariats in the various regions so that decision making would be decentralized due to the large size of the country and the large number of universities in the various geographical regions. Due to this great geographical diversity, universities should continue their activities under the supervision of sport secretariats in their given regions. The participation of students in sport activities at Iranian universities was calculated in three categories; students with different interests and skills can participate in various numbers of sports, championships, and sport festivals. At this time, with regards to the scientific attitudes towards sport and physical activities and the expanding culture of sport at Iranian universities, the number of participants in sport activities is increasing. In the conclusion it is stated that improving the knowledge and attention of students regarding the importance of sport in different aspects of education and life, as well as the recognition of present barriers and support of campus volunteers, could help to increase the participation of students in sport activities. Moreover, the allocation of more power and authority to each region, as well as holding different local and traditional sport festivals, could help to improve the development of sport at Iranian universities.
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Coronary artery anomalies - a short review

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Coronary artery anomalies are rare but sometimes important findings in the evaluation of the coronary artery. The majority of the anomalies are of benign prognosis, but others can be associated with cardiac symptoms and syndromes (angina, dyspnea, syncope, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and sudden death). The potentially serious anomalies include: ectopic coronary origin from the pulmonary artery; ectopic coronary origin from the opposite aortic sinus; and large coronary fistulae. Appropriate diagnosis is critical for recognition and management. Treatment can be performed by surgical or percutaneous approach. However, management is conservative in the majority of them. Contemporary diagnosis and clinical management of these anomalies are briefly reviewed and discussed in this article.
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The aim of this paper is to present the case of a 70-year-old women with endolymphatic sac tumor and temporal bone destruction treated at Otolaryngology Department of MUG. The patient was admitted to our Department due to a 3-year history of hearing loss, dizziness and ear pain. The first diagnosis was temporal bone tumor connected with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL). The patient was surgically treated. During intraoperative examination, a neoplasm was determined. The tumor was excised via transmastoid approach with sigmoid sinus skeletonization. After treatment, her pains disappeared. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination revealed endolymphatic sac tumor. Follow-up CT showed no tumor remission.
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The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes HIV infection, and over time, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection (simply called HIV at its early stage and AIDS at its later stage) is a very prevalent global disease condition affecting about 36.7 million people, both young and old. Sadly, HIV/AIDS affects almost all the systems in the body (particularly the neurological and musculoskeletal systems), which may result into physical disability. Physiotherapists are known to play important roles in the management of physical disability. In this paper, the authors provide information on the clinical and epidemiological features of HIV/AIDS, as well as the treatment modalities for the neurological and musculoskeletal problems experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Objectives: Human bites of the face are a frequent and serious health issue as they often compromise patients function and aesthetics as well as lead to further complications. The aim of the study is to review human bites of the face referred to our team during 112 short-term medical missions (STMMs) in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past 20 years and to discuss the epidemiology, appearance, management and outcome, including the most common complications. Methods: A retrospective medical documentation review was carried out examining all human bites of the face operated by our team during 112 STMMs from 2000 to 2019 in different countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Results: Out of about 5500 patients medical charts 51 patients were selected due to history of human bite. Patients’ age range was 15–65 years, female to male ratio was 1, 55:1, the most often involved parts were: lips, ear and nose. Various surgical procedures were carried out including local flaps and free grafts. Infection and graft necrosis were the most common reported complication (n = 4; 9.3%). Conclusion: Human bites injuries are a serious health problem in some African populations because of their frequency and possible severity. The treatment is particularly challenging due to their potential to cause local infections, the risk they pose for transmission of systemic diseases as well as their demanding surgical management.
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Objectives: Human bites of the face are a frequent and serious health issue as they often compromise patients function and aesthetics as well as lead to further complications. The aim of the study is to review human bites of the face referred to our team during 112 short-term medical missions (STMMs) in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past 20 years and to discuss the epidemiology, appearance, management and outcome, including the most common complications. Methods: A retrospective medical documentation review was carried out examining all human bites of the face operated by our team during 112 STMMs from 2000 to 2019 in different countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Results: Out of about 5500 patients medical charts 51 patients were selected due to history of human bite. Patients’ age range was 15–65 years, female to male ratio was 1, 55:1, the most often involved parts were: lips, ear and nose. Various surgical procedures were carried out including local flaps and free grafts. Infection and graft necrosis were the most common reported complication (n = 4; 9.3%). Conclusion: Human bites injuries are a serious health problem in some African populations because of their frequency and possible severity. The treatment is particularly challenging due to their potential to cause local infections, the risk they pose for transmission of systemic diseases as well as their demanding surgical management.
EN
Since the trends of adverse climate change and integrated urban water management have continued in the twenty-first century, governments and other institutions seek reliable predictions as water resource requirements arise. Although uncertainty is never cut off from the need for a probabilistic movement, through current developments in science and the technology of hydrological modeling on urban water management analysis, researchers can improve the ability to create realistic scenarios that will benefit the water sector it adapts to these changes. Model studies on the combined effects of climate change and the water sector have found that the change can be significant, depending on scenarios and the assumptions of climate change, as well as the degree of urban development. In this work, conceptual analysis of urban water management has been applied to several scenarios of climate change in order to obtain new insights and uncertainties.
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Introduction. Competitive advantage determines the success of modern enterprises, such as hospitality companies, on the market. In turn, competitive advantage is gained as the result of skillful management, taking into account the factors that characterize the company environment. In the management process, methods and concepts that, when properly applied, facilitate the company's innovative activities play the key role, thus contributing to building competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to specify and characterize the methods and management concepts most commonly used by hospitality companies in the process of building competitive advantage. The core benefit of these considerations is that they serve to identify those activities of hospitality companies in which the analyzed methods and concepts found practical application. The final part of the article is devoted to an attempt to identify barriers and problems that significantly limit the use of these methods and concepts. Material and methods. In order to achieve this objective, a survey and interviews were carried out in all three- and four-star hotels in the Rzeszów area in the first quarter of 2012. Results. The results revealed that the concept most commonly used by hoteliers was knowledge-based organization (knowledge management), followed by outsourcing, benchmarking and internal competition, respectively. Conclusions. The study also demonstrated that the managers of these hospitality companies significantly lacked substantive knowledge of emerging “market” management methods and concepts.
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as a condition in which the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. This common disease may also present with atypical, extraesophageal symptoms. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is the reflux of gastric contents into the throat and larynx, which causes symptoms such as globus, throat clearing, hoarseness and chronic cough. GERD and LPR may be related to many dis-eases, including laryngitis, asthma, COPD, chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, dental erosions, and even laryngeal cancer or life-threatening events. The diagnosis of LPR is based on clinical symptoms (measured by RSI), laryngoscop-ic signs (evaluated in RFS), an empiric trial of proton pomp inhibitor (PPI) therapy, 24-hour pH monitoring, impedance monitoring, esophageal manometry and endoscopic examination. The most common management is double-dose PPI therapy for at least six months. When this treatment is ineffective, the surgery should be considered. However, di-agnosis and treatment of LPR is still controversial. Further studies are necessary to establish an optimal algorithm for the management of LPR.
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