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1
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Factors affecting decision concerning influenza vaccination among students of medical faculties

100%
Woźniak-Kosek A., Kempińska-Mirosławska B., Mendrycka M., Saracen A., Hoser G.
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 4
829-832
EN
Influenza is one of the most common cyclic respiratory diseases in humans. Methods of prevention are multidirectional, but the most effective and most efficacious way to prevent influenza and its complications is through preventive vaccination. This work aims to determine different factors affecting the decision concerning influenza vaccine. The percentage of people vaccinated against the flu was evaluated, as well as their knowledge of post-influenza complications, etc. among full-time students and bridging studies of nursing and physiotherapy (full-time and part-time) at the University of Technology and Life Sciences in Radom, and students of medicine and pharmacy at the Medical University of Łódź. The research tool was the authors' questionnaire with 18 questions. The surveys conducted, consisting of multiple choice questions, were anonymous. In total, the survey involved 470 students. Overall, the number of people who were vaccinated against influenza in the 2012/13 epidemic season numbered 15 respondents, representing 5.84% of the total group of respondents. For the group of nursing students it was 6%, for physiotherapy students 5%, for students of medicine and pharmacy 14%. The percentage of respondents who said they would get vaccinated if the vaccinaton was free of charge was also low. Increasing the percentage of people vaccinated against influenza (immunization coverage) is a very important measure in preventing influenza epidemics. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the reasons why people are reluctant to be vaccinated against influenza, particularly among students who will work in the future in the health care services sector.
2
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Native nucleic acid electrophoresis as an efficient alternative for genotyping method of influenza virus

100%
Pajak B., Lepek K.
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 3
479-483
EN
Influenza viruses are the worldwide major causative agents of human and animal acute respiratory infections. Some of the influenza subtypes have caused epidemics and pandemics among humans. The varieties of methods are available for the rapid isolation and identification of influenza viruses in clinical and environmental samples. Since nucleic acids amplification techniques such as RT-PCR have been adapted, fast and sensitive influenza type and subtype determination is possible. However, in some ambiguous cases other, more detailed assay might be desired. The genetic material of influenza virus is highly unstable and constantly mutates. It is known that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) results in resistance to commercially available anti-viral drugs. The genetic drift of the virus could also result in weakening of immune response to infection. Finally, in a substantial number of patients co-infection with various virus strains or types has been confirmed. Although the detection of co-infection or presence of minor genetic variants within flu-infected patients is not a routine procedure, a rapid and wide spectrum diagnostics of influenza virus infections could reveal an accurate picture of the disease and more importantly, is crucial for choosing the appropriate therapeutics and virus monitoring. Herein we present the evidences that native gel electrophoresis and MSSCP - a method based on multitemperature single strand conformation polymorphism could furnish a useful technique for minor variants, which escape discovery by conventional diagnostic assays.
3
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Influenza viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors

100%
Nitsch-Osuch A., Brydak L.
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 3
505-508
EN
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are antiviral drugs for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. By blocking the activity of the enzyme neuraminidase, NAIs prevent new viral particles from being released. The increasing use of NAIs brings into focus the risk of drug resistance arising to the class. There are three levels of antiviral resistance according to the way that resistance can be detected or inferred: genotypic, phenotypic and clinical resistance. For many years seasonal influenza viruses resistance to NAIs was low (0.33%). Recently, there has been described an increasing number of resistant seasonal influenza strains to oseltamivir (2% in adults, 5-18% in children). In 2007 there were published data describing 14% resistant to oseltamivir strains of influenza A/H1N1/ in Europe. Approximately 0.5-1.0% of influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 isolates are currently resistant to oseltamivir. The established markers of the resistance to oseltamivir were found in 2.4% of human and 0.8% of avian isolates of influenza A/H5N1/. It has been not observed a cross resistance among oseltamivir and zanamivir. NAIs resistance in influenza viruses is relative and despite its presence patients with resistant viruses may still benefit from receiving these antivirals. The response to treatment with antivirals remains the most important proof of antiviral effectiveness. The rational use of NAIs is essential to preserve the best choice for treatment and prophylaxis of seasonal, avian and pandemic influenza.
4
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Vaccination against influenza in pregnant women

100%
Brydak L., Nitsch-Osuch A.
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 3
589-591
EN
Pregnancy places otherwise healthy women at an increased risk of complications arising from an influenza infection. It is suggested that physiological changes such as immunological changes, increased cardiac output and oxygen consumption, as well as lung tidal volume might increase the susceptibility to influenza complications if infection occurs during pregnancy. Immunization of pregnant women against influenza is currently recommended in many countries and has been proven to be safe and effective in reducing rates and severity of the disease in vaccinated mothers and their children. Influenza vaccination is also cost-effective. Nevertheless, influenza vaccine coverage remains low in pregnant women. This might stem from the lack of healthcare workers' education, a feeling among the general public that influenza is not a serious disease and a failure of prenatal care providers to offer the vaccine. In order to protect pregnant women and infants from influenza related morbidity and mortality an educational programme targeting healthcare workers in charge of pregnant women should be implemented.
5
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Development of intracranial sinusogenic complications in the period of increased incidence of influenza infections – analysis of 6 patients hospitalized in the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of Poznan University of Medical Sciences in the year 2013

88%
Szyfter W., Bartochowska A., Borucki Ł., Kruk-Zagajewska A.
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2015
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vol. 4(3)
20-28
EN
In the period from January 2000 to the end of December 2013 in the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of Poznan University of Medical Sciences 21 patients with sinusogenic intracranial complications were treated. It should be emphasized that 6 patients in this group were hospitalized in 2013. In the previous analyzed years there were from 1 to 2 patients per year. This prompted the authors to a detailed presentation of all patients treated in 2013.
6
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Detection of the influenza virus yesterday and now

75%
Woźniak-Kosek A., Kempińska-Mirosławska B., Hoser G.
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 3
465-470
EN
Demographic changes and the development of transportation contribute to the rapid spread of influenza. Before an idea of a 'person to person' spread appeared, divergent theories were developed to explain influenza epidemics in the past. Intensified virological and serological tests became possible after isolation of the human influenza virus in 1933. The first influenza virus detection methods were based on its isolation in egg embryos or cell lines and on demonstration of the presence of the viral antigens. Molecular biology techniques associated with amplification of RNA improved the quality of tests as well as sensitivity of influenza virus detection in clinical samples. It became possible to detect mixed infections caused by influenza types A and B and to identify the strain of the virus. Development of reliable diagnostic methods enabled fast diagnosis of influenza which is important for choosing an appropriate medical treatment.
7
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Aktualna sytuacja epidemiologiczna grypy w województwie śląskim

75%
Kowalska M.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2021
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issue 75
33-40
EN
Influenza is an infectious disease of the respiratory system subject to constant monitoring in terms of the number of new cases and deaths. It was observed that the number of new cases of influenza decreased in the Silesian voivodeship in the second half of March 2020, and it was decided to verify whether it is related to the emergence of a new threat, which is the COVID pandemic. In the descriptive model of the study, the trend of influenza morbidity and hospitalization was analyzed, and at the same time the dynamics of the increase in new SARS-CoV-2 infections was presented. Chronological systematization of important administrative activities limiting development of the epidemic was also carried out. It cannot be ruled out that the observed decrease in the incidence and hospitalization due to influenza in the province of Silesia is related to the restrictive regulations on the organization of work and social life taken to minimize the COVID epidemic. Unambiguous conclusions will require in-depth research and a longer observation period.
PL
Grypa jest chorobą zakaźną układu oddechowego podlegającą stałemu monitorowaniu w zakresie liczby nowych zachorowań oraz zgonów. W drugiej połowie marca 2020 r. zaobserwowano spadek liczby zachorowań na grypę w woj. śląskim i postanowiono sprawdzić, czy ma to związek z pojawieniem się nowego zagrożenia, jakim jest pandemia COVID. W modelu badania opisowego dokonano analizy trendu zachorowalności i hospitalizacji z powodu grypy, a jednocześnie przedstawiono dynamikę wzrostu nowych zakażeń wirusem SARS-CoV-2. Dokonano również chronologicznego usystematyzowania ważnych działań administracyjnych ograniczających rozwój epidemii. Nie można wy-kluczyć, że obserwowany spadek zachorowań i hospitalizacji z powodu grypy w woj. śląskim ma związek z restrykcyjnymi przepisami organizacji pracy i życia społecznego podjętymi dla ograniczenia epidemii COVID. Jednoznaczne wnioskowanie będzie wymagało wnikliwych badań i dłuższego okresu obserwacji.
8
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Influenza prevention and treatment by passive immunization

75%
Kalenik B., Sawicka R., Góra-Sochacka A., Sirko A.
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 3
573-587
EN
Passive immunity is defined as a particular antigen resistance provided by external antibodies. It can be either naturally or artificially acquired. Natural passive immunization occurs during pregnancy and breast-feeding in mammals and during hatching in birds. Maternal antibodies are passed through the placenta and milk in mammals and through the egg yolk in birds. Artificial passive immunity is acquired by injection of either serum from immunized (or infected) individuals or antibody preparations. Many independent research groups worked on selection, verification and detailed characterization of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the influenza virus. Numerous antibody preparations were tested in a variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments for their efficacy to neutralize the virus. Here, we describe types of antibodies tested in such experiments and their viral targets, review approaches resulting in identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies and discuss methods used to demonstrate their protective effects. Finally, we shortly discuss the phenomenon of maternal antibody transfer as a way of effective care for young individuals and as an interfering factor in early vaccination.
9
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DNA vaccines against influenza

75%
Stachyra A., Góra-Sochacka A., Sirko A.
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2014
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vol. 61
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issue 3
515-522
EN
Genetic vaccine technology has been considerably developed within the last two decades. This cost effective and promising strategy can be applied for therapy of cancers and for curing allergy, chronic and infectious diseases, such as a seasonal and pandemic influenza. Despite numerous advantages, several limitations of this technology reduce its performance and can retard its commercial exploitation in humans and its veterinary applications. Inefficient delivery of the DNA vaccine into cells of immunized individuals results in low intracellular supply of suitable expression cassettes encoding an antigen, in its low expression level and, in turn, in reduced immune responses against the antigen. Improvement of DNA delivery into the host cells might significantly increase effectiveness of the DNA vaccine. A vast array of innovative methods and various experimental strategies have been applied in order to enhance the effectiveness of DNA vaccines. They include various strategies improving DNA delivery as well as expression and immunogenic potential of the proteins encoded by the DNA vaccines. Researchers focusing on DNA vaccines against influenza have applied many of these strategies. Recent examples of the most successful modern approaches are discussed in this review.
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