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EN
The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) envelope gene encoding extracellular glycoprotein gp51 and transmembrane glycoprotein gp30 was cloned into a vehicle expression vector under the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) intermediate early promoter. The intramuscular injection of this plasmid vector generated a cellular immune response. Seven out of ten cows vaccinated with the DNA construct resisted a drastic challenge (500 BLV-infected lymphocytes as an infectious dose).
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DNA vaccines against influenza

75%
|
2014
|
vol. 61
|
issue 3
515-522
EN
Genetic vaccine technology has been considerably developed within the last two decades. This cost effective and promising strategy can be applied for therapy of cancers and for curing allergy, chronic and infectious diseases, such as a seasonal and pandemic influenza. Despite numerous advantages, several limitations of this technology reduce its performance and can retard its commercial exploitation in humans and its veterinary applications. Inefficient delivery of the DNA vaccine into cells of immunized individuals results in low intracellular supply of suitable expression cassettes encoding an antigen, in its low expression level and, in turn, in reduced immune responses against the antigen. Improvement of DNA delivery into the host cells might significantly increase effectiveness of the DNA vaccine. A vast array of innovative methods and various experimental strategies have been applied in order to enhance the effectiveness of DNA vaccines. They include various strategies improving DNA delivery as well as expression and immunogenic potential of the proteins encoded by the DNA vaccines. Researchers focusing on DNA vaccines against influenza have applied many of these strategies. Recent examples of the most successful modern approaches are discussed in this review.
EN
currently available pharmacotherapeutics (cholinesterase inhibitors and memantin) for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exert mainly symptomatic effect and doubtful, if any, disease-modifying activities. Strategies of active and passive immunization were very successful in the last 10 years, mainly, however, with the use of experimental animal models of the disease. More recently, several human trials have been undertaken with mixed results obtained. Some support was found for the idea that immunotherapy may influence natural disease history, at least at the level of neuropathology and biomarkers and, to the less extend, neuroimaging findings and cognition. The paper presents recent developments in the use of immunotherapy of AD both with animal pasywmodels as well as human clinical trials. An attempt is also made to elucidate possible mechanisms of action of this novel treatment approach. Particularly, the difficulties in translating results obtained in animal studies into clinical trials in humans has been underlined and discussed. The results of the very first human trial with the use of AN-1792 vaccination are critically discussed with special reference to the possible mechanisms of the observed severe complications of this treatment modality (brain inflammation). currently, several other studies with active immunization are on the way, in which novel technologies diminishing the risk of brain inflammation were used. Finally, article presents several clinical trials with the use of passive immunization strategies, showing the advantages of this approach, particularly in the context of tolerability.
PL
Obecnie dostępne metody leczenia choroby Alzheimera (inhibitory cholinesterazy i memantyna) mają prawdopodobnie głównie działanie objawowe, a ich wpływ na naturalny przebieg choroby jest wątpliwy. Strategie aktywnej i pasywnej immunizacji są intensywnie badane przez ostatnie 10 lat. Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych oraz wstępne wyniki badań chorych z AD wskazują, że działanie immunoterapii może wykraczać poza efekt objawowy i wpływać nie tylko na objawy (poznawcze, behawioralne), ale także na progresję neuropatologiczną i, prawdopodobnie, biomarkery. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań z wykorzystaniem modeli zwierzęcych AD i użyciem metod aktywnej i pasywnej immunizacji anty-Ab. Omówiono trudności z przełożeniem wyników uzyskanych z wykorzystaniem zwierząt laboratoryjnych na potencjalne metody terapeutyczne u ludzi. Opisano ponadto pierwsze wyniki badań na ludziach i podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o mechanizmy działania immunoterapii w AD. Krytycznej analizie poddano wyniki pierwszych badań klinicznych na ludziach z użyciem szczepionki AN-1792, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem możliwych przyczyn obserwowanych w tych badaniach powikłań (zapalenie mózgu). Obecnie prowadzonych jest kilka innych badań z aktywną immunizacją, w których zastosowano technologie zmniejszające ryzyko zapalenia mózgu. W pracy omówiono także prowadzone obecnie próby kliniczne z wykorzystaniem technik pasywnej immunizacji i wskazano na potencjalne przewagi tej metody nad immunizacją aktywną, zwłaszcza w kontekście tolerancji leczenia.
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