Bacterial lysates stimulate the general immunity of the body in a non-specific way. They act on non-specific defense mechanisms, leading to an increase in type A antibody in mucous membranes, phagocytic activity and INF-ƴ production. They can also stimulate the production of specific antibodies against the bacterial antigens that make up the preparation. The oral immunomodulatory preparations with the best documented clinical efficacy available on the Polish market are Ismigen, Broncho-Vaxom, Ribomunyl and Luivac. They are all lysates of bacterial strains that most often cause respiratory tract infections. In many clinical trials, oral bacterial lysates have been shown to minimize the risk of recurrent respiratory infections in children and adults and reduce the need for antibiotics.
Bacterial lysates stimulate the general immunity of the body in a non-specific way. They act on non-specific defense mechanisms, leading to an increase in type A antibody in mucous membranes, phagocytic activity and INF-ƴ production. They can also stimulate the production of specific antibodies against the bacterial antigens that make up the preparation. The oral immunomodulatory preparations with the best documented clinical efficacy available on the Polish market are Ismigen, Broncho-Vaxom, Ribomunyl and Luivac. They are all lysates of bacterial strains that most often cause respiratory tract infections. In many clinical trials, oral bacterial lysates have been shown to minimize the risk of recurrent respiratory infections in children and adults and reduce the need for antibiotics.
This study highlights the importance of natural products in drug development, particularly Indian medicinal herbs with high biological potential. Major immunity-developing plant species were collected from the literature. These substances must be synthesized in the lab to enhance the human immune system to fight new viruses like novel corona to promote sustainable processes with little damage. Nature has bestowed numerous plant species with bioactive chemicals that can be utilized safely and effectively to treat various ailments in all living organisms. India, due to its diverse climate, is home to many plant species that possess medicinal properties. Some of the bioactive compounds found in Indian traditional medicine include tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, esters, and other small chemicals. These compounds are known to exhibit biological activity and have been utilized in traditional medicinal practices in India.
Endogenous peptide antibiotics are known as evolutionarily old components of innate immunity. Due to interaction with cell membrane these peptides cause permeabilization of the membrane and lysis of invading microbes. However, some studies proved that antimicrobial peptides are universal multifunctional molecules and their functions extend far beyond simple antibiotics. In this review we present an overview of the general mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides and discuss some of their additional properties, like antitumour activity, mitogenic activity, role in signal transduction pathways and adaptive immune response.
This research focused on determining the best survival performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)) fingerlings in a current generating circular tanks and challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. Fish size are ranging from 5 to 7 cm that obtained from Fish Breeding Center of Bandung City, Indonesia. The treatment used are water current and venturi combination with water velocities of 0 m s-1 (A), 0.06 m s-1 (B), 0.1 m s-1 (C), and 0.2 m s-1 (D). The research started with fish rearing (40 days) and was followed by a challenged test (14 days). Tilapia fingerlings were challenged by A. hydrophila at density 108 cfu ml-1 using immersion method. The parameters were gross clinical symptoms, survival rate, red blood cells, white blood cells and water quality. The results showed that current and venturi combination of 0.1 m s-1 gave the best immune performance seen from the increase in red blood cells and white blood cells with 48% of survival rate, however survival rate was not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) among treatments. The increase in red blood cells and white blood cells was from 1.1 × 106 cells mm3-1 to 5.1 × 106 cells mm3-1 and 4.2 × 105 cells mm3-1 to 5.6 × 105 cells mm3-1 respectively. Current generating circular tanks also enhanced tilapia immune system against A. hydrophila infection since fewer clinical symptoms occurred during challenged period.
The authors discuss new data on morbidity rates and susceptibility to HIV infection, next to the progress of AIDS. They quote the current epidemiological data, which show that in Central and Western European conutries the epidemic proceeds diff erently than in other regions of the world, so that it does not meet here pessimistic predictions about the expected rise of morbidity and mortality rates. The authors then focused on highlighting the detected diff erences in genetic and immunological state of recently discerned groups of patients, whose symptoms of AIDS do not appear for more than 10 years (LTNP – long term nonprogressors), and patients characterized by rapid disease progression (RP – rapid progressors), and in particular, people resistant to infection despite intensive exposure (EU-exposed uninfected). Discussed and detected diff erences enable to undertaken reasonable eff orts to develop an eff ective vaccine. What is more, the authors also mentioned the fi rst results achieved through new research methods, such as testing all genes (whole genome) of many individuals to detect diff erences occurring from individual to individual (genome-wide association study – GWA) or determination of all the particles within RNA profi les concerning a population of given cells (genome-wide transcriptome
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Autorzy omawiają nowe dane dotyczące zróżnicowania podatności na zakażenie HIV i zapadalność na AIDS oraz tempo progresji choroby. Na wstępie przypominają aktualne dane epidemiologiczne, z których wynika, iż w krajach Europy Środkowej i Zachodniej epidemia przebiega odmiennie niż w innych regionach świata, nie spełniły się tutaj pesymistyczne przewidywania dotyczące narastania zachorowalności i umieralności. Autorzy koncentrują się na odmiennościach w zakresie uwarunkowań genetycznych i immunologicznych w grupach chorych, u których objawy choroby AIDS nie występują przez okres dłuższy niż 10 lat (LTNP – long term nonprogressors) i chorych z szybkim postępem choroby (RP – rapid progressors) oraz w szczególności u osób odpornych na zakażenie mimo intensywnej ekspozycji (EU – exposed uninfected). Omówione w pracy różnice umożliwiają racjonalne scharakteryzowanie podejmowanych współcześnie prób opracowania skutecznej szczepionki. Wspomniano także o pierwszych efektach nowych metod badawczych, takich jak badanie wszystkich genów (całości genomów) wielu osobników w celu wykrycia różnic między osobnikami (genome-wide association study – GWA) lub oznaczanie profili wszystkich cząstek RNA pewnej populacji komórek (genome-wide transcriptome profiling study), które mogą zastosować jedynie bardzo dobrze wyposażone placówki badawcze.