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Sport and Philosophy of Hospitality: Three Questions on How to Rethink Contemporary Sport Education in Light of Gift and Peace

100%

Isidori E., Echazarreta R. R.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

2013

vol. 59

issue 1

5-10

The ancient Olympic Games were held in spaces and places consecrated for hospitality, to xénia, a Greek word that means “gifts” but also something that refers to and belongs to strangers and foreigners. Foreigners from every part of Greece met in Olympia to celebrate the agón. In this place, a stranger or a foreigner (hostis in Latin), probably a former enemy, became a friend because he was both guest and host (hospes in Latin) in the sanctuary-town, which belonged to the gods and to all of the Greeks, who recognized themselves in its spirit. This mechanism of hospitality formed the basis of the Olympic peace system and was the fundamental prerequisite for the celebration of agón. The practice of the agón was therefore made possible by a “gift” but also by “for-giveness” that allowed people to meet and compete. We can conclude that at the base of the Olympic (and Greek) ethics there was the concept of hospitality. Olympia was then the common home of all Greeks, the place where ethics were carried out, were put into practice, and concretely exercised. It is not a pure coincidence that the Greek word “ethics” is linked to the word éthos, which means “house”, “home”. For this reason, ethics can be thought as the art of hosting somebody in our own home and trusting him/her, just as it happened in ancient Olympia during the Olympic Games, which demonstrated that ethics was always a home’s ethics. Therefore, taking into account this cultural and philosophical framework, this study will develop a methodological approach, derived from deconstructionism, which will be applied to concepts that are both ambiguous and semantically rich in meaning, such as “gift”, “forgiveness”, xénos, hostis, and hospes. The first objective of this study is to reflect upon the connection between “gift” and “sport” and show the deep interconnection between the two concepts. The second is to use the model of Greek hospitality at the Olympic Games to deeply rethink sport and contemporary philosophy of sport education in terms of peace and multiculturalism.

Zarys rozwoju opieki paliatywnej z uwzględnieniem dokonań rodzimych

72%

Pietrzyńska T., Podwińska E., Olejek A., Zamłyński J.

Ginekologia Onkologiczna

2009

vol. 7

issue 2

138-142

Since the dawn of time, care for terminally ill people was considered a challenge, a duty or an obligation. The Latin word hospes meant initially a hospitable person providing shelter and food for those in need. Places where most severely ill people were cared for were called hospitale, hospitium or infirmarium. In ancient Greece and Rome, chronically ill people were placed in special rooms, usually adjacent to temples. Throughout the entire Western Empire, the poor and the ill were cared for by religious congregations. Monasteries ran “hospitable rooms” providing shelter not only for pilgrims, but also for ill people, who could also benefit from simple medical procedures. Numerous pilgrimages, epidemics, wars and crusades, resulted in rapid increase of number of hospitals and shelters in Medieval Europe. Homes of care designed exclusively for the terminally ill appeared in the XIX century. The essence of their mission was compassion for suffering and pain experienced by other people, expressed by will to help, resulting also from religious motives. In the XX century, Cecily Saunders M.D. organized the first St. Christopher Stationary Hospice in London, thereby giving rise to modern hospice organizations. Later, the Hospice expanded its activity on home-based patient care and support of families after loss of the loved ones. In the ‘70s of the XX century, the term “palliative care” has been introduced in the USA and Canada. The Latin word pallium, meaning a large woollen coat, has been adopted to denote protection of patients and their relatives from physical and mental suffering. Nevertheless, definition of palliative care has been developed as late as 1990 and has been published in a WHO document. It specifies the basic mission of this medical specialty: comprehensive and active care for terminally ill people, whose disease does not respond to cause-oriented treatment. Palliative treatment encompasses relief of pain and other ailments, as well as overall support in mental, spiritual and social areas. The essence of palliative care is team work of persons representing various specialties - doctors, nurses, priests, psychologists, physiotherapists, non-medical volunteers, aiming at improving the patients’ quality of life.

Od zarania dziejów opieka nad chorymi i umierającymi stanowiła wyzwanie, powinność lub obowiązek. Łacińskie słowo hospes początkowo oznaczało osobę udzielającą gościny. Miejsca opieki nad najciężej chorymi określano mianem hospitale, hospitium lub infirmarium. W starożytnej Grecji i Rzymie budowano pokoje dla przewlekle chorych, umiejscowione zazwyczaj w pobliżu świątyń. Na terenach dawnego Cesarstwa Zachodniego opiekę nad ubogimi i chorymi sprawowały zgromadzenia zakonne. W przyklasztornych „izbach gościnnych” przyjmowano nie tylko pielgrzymów, ale i chorych, u których wykonywano proste zabiegi lecznicze. Liczne pielgrzymki, a także epidemie, wojny i krucjaty spowodowały szybki wzrost liczby szpitali i przytułków w średniowiecznej Europie. Domy opieki przeznaczone wyłącznie dla umierających zaczęły powstawać w XIX wieku. Celem ich działalności było zrozumienie cierpienia i bólu drugiego człowieka wyrażone poprzez chęć niesienia pomocy, wynikającą także z pobudek religijnych. W XX wieku z inicjatywy doktor Cecily Saunders powstało w Londynie Stacjonarne Hospicjum św. Krzysztofa, co dało początek nowożytnemu ruchowi hospicyjnemu. Wkrótce działalność Hospicjum została poszerzona o pomoc domową oraz wsparcie dla rodzin, które utraciły najbliższych. W latach 70. XX wieku w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Kanadzie upowszechnił się termin „opieka paliatywna”. Określenie palium (łac. pallium - rodzaj szerokiego, greckiego płaszcza) oznaczało ochronę chorego i jego bliskich przed cierpieniem zarówno cielesnym, jak i duchowym. Definicja opieki paliatywnej powstała dopiero w 1990 roku, opublikowano ją w dokumencie wydanym przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia (WHO), według którego zasadniczym zadaniem tej dziedziny jest całościowa, czynna opieka nad cierpiącymi, których choroba nie poddaje się skutecznemu leczeniu przyczynowemu. Obejmuje zwalczanie bólu i innych dolegliwości oraz pomoc w problemach psychicznych, duchowych i socjalnych. Istotą opieki paliatywnej jest wspólna praca ludzi różnych specjalności: lekarzy, pielęgniarek, kapłanów, psychologów, fizykoterapeutów, wolontariuszy nieme-dycznych oraz ich dążenie do poprawy jakości życia chorych.

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1 Ginekologia Onkologiczna

1 Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

1 2013

1 2009

1 Echazarreta R. R.

1 Isidori E.

1 Olejek A.

1 Pietrzyńska T.

1 Podwińska E.

1 Zamłyński J.

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Sport and Philosophy of Hospitality: Three Questions on How to Rethink Contemporary Sport Education in Light of Gift and Peace

Zarys rozwoju opieki paliatywnej z uwzględnieniem dokonań rodzimych