Search results

1

The significance of Karol Gilewski (1832–1871) for the Polish laryngology

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Kierze A.

Otolaryngologia Polska

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2007

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vol. 61(3)

353-357

EN

The professional and scientific activities of Karol Gilewski (1832-1871), one of the famous Cracovian physicians, the professor of the Jagellonian University are described first of all. His treatise on laryngofissure and laryngeal polyps in 1865 is presented widely. This is a second scientific work in Polish medical literature on this subject. The cases of laryngeal scleroma and laryngeal and cutaneous syphilis are also described.

2

40th anniversary (1980–2020) of the establishment of the Oncological Section of the Polish Society of Otorhinolaryngologists of Head and Neck Surgeons

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Bruzgielewicz A., Osuch-Wójcikiewicz E., Kaczmarczyk D., Niemczyk K.

Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny

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2020

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vol. 9(4)

17-22

EN

The Oncology Section of the Polish Society of Otorhinolaryngologists of Head and Neck Surgeons is one of the oldest sections of the PSOHNS. It was established by a resolution of the General Meeting of the PSOHNS in Poznań on September 22, 1980 upon request of prof. Stanisław Iwankiewicz, who became its Chairman. On December 12, 1981, the 1st Conference of the Section was held in Wrocław. The overarching theme of the conference was laryngeal cancer. During its 40 years of existence, the Oncology Section organized 3 conferences and 17 symposia, bringing pride to the entire Society, and promoted the latest scientific trends in the approach to head and neck cancer. With the development of basic sciences, genetic and molecular tests as well as new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the topics of meetings gradually expanded to include new sections and issues in ENT oncology.

3

Women in Polish otorhinolaryngology

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Bruzgielewicz A., Bartoszewicz R., Kaczmarczyk D., Niemczyk K.

Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny

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2021

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vol. 10(2)

59-64

EN

The first woman with a doctor's degree to practice in Poland was Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska (1854-1918). In Polish literature it is difficult to establish which of the women was the first to deal with diseases in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Pioneers in the specialty of otorhinolaryngology could be women who graduated from medical studies and completed "specialization" in clinics outside Poland or in Krakow, where the first department was established in Poland, and women were the first to have the opportunity to study medicine. In Poland, in 1925, out of 738 female doctors, only 4 of them dealt with diseases in the area of the head and neck, in 1938 21 women out of 2018 female doctors, and in 2020 out of 90,435 women, 1991 out of 3,378 doctors practicing the otorhinolaryngology. In Poland, Aleksandra Salomea Mitrinowicz-Modrzejewska was probably the first female otorhinolaryngologist who obtained her habilitation in 1947 and riched the title of associate professor in 1954. Until now, it has been established that only 28 women in Poland associated with otorhinolaryngology who have obtained the full profesor title.

4

Professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki (1897-1941) and his contribution to the development of otorhinolaryngology

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Bruzgielewicz A., Bartoszewicz R., Krupowies W., Niemczyk K.

Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny

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2021

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vol. 10(2)

1-5

EN

Many eminent surgeons provided excellent foundations for the establishment and development of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. One of them was professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki. Of the 66 items written by W. Dobrzaniecki, 26 works concerned issues related to the head and neck. These works show that the main topic was plastic surgery, both aesthetic and reconstructive after extensive oncological operations. The scientific and professional career of such a talented surgeon was suddenly interrupted. At the age of 44, he was murdered by the Nazis, in Lviv on July 4, 1941, along with other professors. Professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki was one of many surgeons who made a significant contribution to the development of otorhinolaryngology, in particular plastic surgery in the area of the head and neck region. He is regarded as the precursor of plastic surgery in the inter-war period [1]. At the age of 44, he was murdered along with other professors by the Germans with active (and hard to dispute) participation of Ukrainian nationalists in Lviv on July 4, 1941 [2]. We will try to introduce the figure of this distinguished scholar to a wider community of otorhinolaryngologists, present his scientific achievements in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Władysław Dobrzaniecki was born on September 24, 1897 in Zielinka near Borszczów in the territory of present-day Ukraine [3–5]. A former resident of Zielinka recollects the village at that time as follows [6]: „Zielinka was not a large village, but it had over 100 house addresses. The residents gave names to the different parts of the village: near windmill, near chapel, earthworks. Peasant homesteads were concentrated along small, narrow paths; located on the right side of the Niczława river, in the northern part, they progressed, through a small wooden bridge, in the direction of the village Piłatkowce… The best-known Pole of the inter-war period born in my home village Zielinka was professor of surgery at the John Casimir University in Lviv, physician Władysław Dobrzaniecki”. He studied medicine at the University of Lviv, where he received the title of doctoris medicinae universae. After Poland’s rebirth in 1918, its borders came under threat from the east; among defenders of Lviv were pupils and students called „Orlęta Lwowskie” (Lviv Eaglets). At the age of 21, W. Dobrzaniecki was actively engaged in defending Lviv as it was besieged by Ukrainian army [7]. A lot of valuable information about the scientific and professional life of Władysław Dobrzaniecki and his work at the Department of Surgery can be learnt from memories of Professor Stanisław Laskownicki in his book „Szpada, bagnet, lancet” [8]. Already as a student, W. Dobrzaniecki’s interests were focused on surgery. As a fourth-year student, first as a voluntary and then as a junior assistant in 1923, he started work at the Department of Surgery under Professor Hilary Schramm, who created a unique atmosphere at the department, encouraging co-workers to pursue scientific development, go abroad, publish research and deliver papers at conventions (Fig. 1.). It is important to stress that back then the whole scientific and surgical development depended on and concentrated around the person of the head – in most cases, the only professor of surgery at a given department. He determined the character and direction of the research, set priorities and decided on almost everything that concerned the department and its staff. He was virtually an oracle – his authority and power was inconceivable from today’s perspective [9]. Initially, Dobrzaniecki was acquiring his surgical skills as a voluntary at the Department under doctor Jerzy Mostowy, who later in life worked in Brzeżany and Tarnopol [4, 5]. Shortly after receiving his diploma, at the 21st Convention of Polish Surgeons in Lviv in July 1924 Władysław Dobrzaniecki presented his probably first study „O sympaticektomji okołonaczyniowej na podstawie materiału Kliniki Chirurgicznej Lwowskiej” [On perivascular sympathicectomy based on the material of the Department of Surgery in Lviv] [10]. This shows the level of trust placed in the young adept of the surgical art by the Head of the Department. Employed full-time at the Department, he honed his surgical skills under and with the support of Stanisław Laskownicki, who later became Professor and Head of the University and Hospital Department of Urology In Krakow [3, 8]. null null During his assistantship Władysław Dobrzaniecki visited numerous Departments in Europe: England, Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland. He presented his observations and reflections from those trips in a lengthy account in Polska Gazeta Lekarska (Polish Medical Gazette) [11]. His good knowledge of foreign languages allowed him to easily establish numerous social and scientific connections, draw on the knowledge and experience of his peers from abroad. In 1931, on the return from France, he defended his postdoctoral thesis (praca habilitacyjna) titled „Obecny stan chirurgii układu współczulnego” [Present state of surgery of the sympathetic nervous system] at the John Casimir University in Lviv with Professor H. Schramm as his supervisor. The postdoctoral thesis was written in Strasbourg under Professor Rene Leriche. It was published in Polski Przegląd Chirurgiczny (Polish Surgical Review) as work created at the above-mentioned facility in France [13]. After Professor H. Schramm retired in 1932, Professor Tadeusz Ostrowski became the Head of the Department (Fig. 2.). W. Dobrzaniecki worked under Professor T. Ostrowski until 1936 when he took on an independent position of the Head of the Department of Paediatric Surgery at the Saint Zofia Children Hospital in Lviv. In 1938, he was appointed titular professor of surgery [3]. In the same year, he became the Head of the Department of Surgery of the National Public Hospital. At the Faculty of Medicine, W. Dobrzaniecki taught classes in general surgery, transplantation, practical classes in application of fixing dressings, a course in operations using corpses, and from the 1935/1936 academic year – also classes in paediatric surgery [14–18]. Dobrzaniecki’s lectures were very popular, as he was a naturally gifted speaker. His lectures and scientific papers were stylistically immaculate and delivered with great eloquence and perfect diction [8]. Following the invasion of Poland by Germany, many doctors heroically fulfilled their professional and patriotic duty. It was especially surgeons who made their mark, having their hands full with so many injured. In that difficult time, Władysław Dobrzaniecki provided assistance to civilians and Polish soldiers with great dedication. Based on memories of Professor Andrzej Gruca, Tomasz Cieszyński accounts that W. Dobrzaniecki worked at that time at the Sixth District Hospital of Social Security at 31 Kurkowa Street, which was renamed Military Hospital No 604 following reports about the German aggression, and at the Military District Hospital at 26 Łyczakowska Street. According to other sources, his activity in that period was mainly concentrated in the Public Hospital [19]. It is possible that such an eminent surgeon was summoned and provided assistance to victims of the aggression in all of the three facilities. On September 17, 1939, violating the binding Polish-Soviet non- -aggression pact, Red Army invaded the territory of the Republic of Poland, thereby implementing the arrangements contained in the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and entered Lviv on September 22, 1941. During the first Soviet occupation, from September 22, 1939 to June 27, 1941, all Polish institutions were dissolved. At the beginning of October, the John Casimir University reopened and was renamed Ivan Franko University to comply with formal Ukrainisation. The Faculty of Theology was dissolved, and the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Pharmacy were administratively separated from the other units to form the State Medical Institute. As part of the Faculty of Medicine, the Department of Hospital Surgery was established based on the Public Hospital, and Professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki was appointed the Head. [20]. Practically all lectures in medicine, in theoretical divisions and departments held by Polish professors were delivered in the Polish language. Only Marxism and Leninism were taught in the Ukrainian language by doctor Zaszkilniak, who was brought from Kiev [21]. Following the Soviet occupation that lasted around a year and 9 months, on the night from June 30 to July 1, 1941, three days after the flight of the soviet army, Germans entered Lviv. On July 2, Germans arrested Professor Kazimierz Bartel at the Lviv Polytechnic. During the night from the 3rd to 4th July, the SS and Gestapo formations arrested a group of 22 professors (the 23rd person arrested was Professor Franciszek Groer, paediatrician, who was released after interrogation and so managed to survive) of the John Casimir University, the Lviv Polytechnic and the Academy of Veterinary Sciences in Lviv, some of them along with their wives and sons and other relatives; they were executed at the break of day on July 4 in the Wólka Hills. Among them there were 12 professors of the Faculty of Medicine. These were: Antoni Cieszyński (stomatologist), Władysław Dobrzaniecki (surgeon), Jan Grek (general practitioner) along with his wife, Jerzy Grzędzielski (ophthalmologist), Henryk Hilarowicz (surgeon), Stanisław Mączewski (gynaecologist), Witold Nowicki (anatomicopathologist) along with his son, Tadeusz Ostrowski (surgeon) along with his wife, Stanisław Progulski (paediatrician) along with his son, Roman Rencki (general practitioner), Włodzimierz Sieradzki (court medic), Adam Sołowij (gynaecologist) along with his grandchildren [22]. According to S. Laskownicki, Professor W. Dobrzaniecki died because a replacement for him, docent Małys, was already chosen under the pressure of Ukrainians in 1940 [8]. This is how Dr. Zbigniewem Kostecki, former chairman of the Congress of Polonia in Germany, whose father was in professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki’s home during his arrest and was executed, recounts those tragic days: „My mother was a housekeeper of an eminent professor of surgery, Władysław Dobrzaniecki. He was a bachelor, aged 44, lived in a posh 8-bedroom flat. Elegant, stylish. On that day, his friend, Tadeusz Tapkowski, a lawyer with PnD in law, came around. My mother, as I already mentioned, was his housekeeper, and my father came to take her home or to visit her. Suddenly, German police entered and wanted to take everybody with them because they had been given an order to do so. My mother was seven month pregnant with me. The sight of her pregnancy softened the heart of the Gestapo member in charge of the soldiers. My wife is pregnant as well, he said to my mother and told her to hide. But the men were driven away. The following day, in the Wólka Hills, they were separated: the servants were told to go to the left, and professors – to the right. My father did not know the German language, he was mistaken for a professor, maybe he was dressed too well. He didn’t manage to explain the mistake, they wouldn’t listen to him. That’s how he was put in front of the firing squad. My mother learnt about that from the surviving witnesses. I was born two months later, and I have to say that murder left a mark on me. From my early childhood, mum would endlessly talk about those events and about the beauty of Lviv...” [23]. The arrests were continuation of the campaign conducted by Germans against Polish elites; irrespective of German intentions, the arrests undoubtedly fitted in with Ukrainian nationalists’ genocidal plans to „cleanse” the „primevally Ukrainian” land of the „foreign” element in order to build the „Samostijna” (Independent Ukraine). There were also purely material motivations behind the murder, with all kinds of valuables stolen during the arrests and flats and houses seized. The flat of Professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki was occupied by a Ukrainian doctor, Wrzeciono – a brother of the commandant of the Ukrainian police in Lviv [24]. Despite his short professional life, Professor W. Dobrzaniecki left behind quite a collection of scientific papers printed in various Polish and foreign journals in the Polish, English, French, German and Italian languages. The author is a proud owner of a copy of his work in the Italian language “Sulla resezione della mandibola e sua restaurazione” published in Archivo Italiano Chirurgia in 1933 (Fig. 3.). The copy has a handwritten dedication by the author to Dr. A. Musiał. The doctor was found out to be Albin Musiał, ophthalmologist and head at the Saint Zofia Children Hospital in Lviv [4, 5, 25]. Tomasz Cieszyński writes in his work that of the important documents about Professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki, only a collection of his articles survived and is, as stated by the author of the 1990 „Album Chirurgów Polskich” (Album of Polish surgeons), in possession of (late) Professor Z. Jeziora [3, 26]. The author probably had access to that collection, hence he gives the exact number of printed papers and their list. The list does not include the work from 1942, which came out after the professor had been murdered and probably was not part of the collection of papers: Dobrzaniecki W, Haak E. Meningocele spinalis traumatica spuria. Ann Surg., 1942; 116(1): 150–153 [27]. null Of the 66 items, 26 papers are dedicated to issues related to the head and neck [3]: 1. Modyfikacja plastyki odstających uszu [Modification of the plastic surgery of protrusive ears]. Pol Gaz Lek, 1925; 4(35–36): 753–757. 2. Modyfikacja operacji wytwórczej uszu odstających [Modification of the plastic surgery of protrusive ears]. Pol Przegl Chir, 1925; 4: 126. 3. Modification de l’operation plastique des oreilles ecartees. Paris Chirurgical, 1926; 5: 191. 4. Rzadsze schorzenia chirurgiczne nosowej części gardła jako też sposoby leczenia tychże [Less common surgical diseases of the nasal area of the throat as well as ways of treating them]. Pol Przegl Chir, 1927; 6(3): 410. 5. Ein Beitrag zur Pathologie und Chirurgie des Epipharynx. Zrtb Chir, 1926; 53(46): 2898–2904. 6. Postępowanie przy leczeniu czyraków a w szczególności czyraków twarzy [Procedure for treating furuncles, in particular face furuncles]. Prakt Lek, 1927; 1: 44. 7. O tzw. aktinomykoma policzka [On so-called chick actinomycosis]. Pol Gaz Lek, 1927; 6(41): 768–770. 8. Uber das sogenannte Aktinomycom der Wange. Schweiz Med. Wchschr, 1928; 51: 1261. 9. Chirurgia plastyczna i estetyczna twarzy [Plastic and aesthetic surgery of the face]. Pol Gaz Lek, 1928; 7(28): 519–524. 10. Chirurgie plastique et esthetique du visage. Paris Chirurgical, 1928; 20: 129. 11. Cieszyński A., Dobrzaniecki W.: Dwa przypadki nowotworów żuchwy w okolicy brody. Zastąpienie ubytków kości po operacji przyrządami ortopedycznymi i droga plastyki [Two cases of mandible tumours in the chin area. Replacing post- -surgery bone loss with orthopaedic appliances and the path of plastic surgery]. Polska Dentystyka, 1929; 7(1). 12. Sur les anomalies rares des oreilles et le traitement operatoire de certaines d’elles. Ann d’Maladies de l’oreille, du larynx, du nez et du pharynx, 1929; 48(10): 998–1003. 13. Nowsze zabiegi wytwórcze w zakresie ruchomej części nosa [Newer plastic surgery procedures on the moveable part of the nose]. Pol Przegl Chir, 1929; 8(3): 342–348. 14. Restoration of the sub-septal portion of the nose. Ann Surg, 1929; 90(7): 974–977. 15. La restauration de la sous cloison du nez par une methode combinee. Paris Chirur, 1929; 21: 207. 16. Plastyki twarzy [Plastic surgery of the face]. Pol Stom., 1931; 9: 271. 17. Plastic surgery of the face. Revue Chirur Plastique, 1931; 3: 1–19. 18. Rozpoznawanie i leczenie świeżych złamań nosa [Diagnosis and treatment of recent nose fractures]. Praktyk Lek, 1931; 5: 40. 19. Dobrzaniecki W, Michałowski E.: Influence de la suppression de l’excretion de la parotide sur la glycoregulation. Lyon Chirur, 1931; 28(5): 571–579. 20. Ostrowski T., Dobrzaniecki W.: Paralysie faciale peripherique traitee par la gangliectomie cervicale. J Chirurgie Par, 1935; 45: 16–29. 21. Ostrowski T., Dobrzaniecki W.: Obwodowe porażenie nerwu twarzowego leczone przez wycięcie szyjnego zwoju współczulnego [Peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve treated by cutting out the cervical sympathetic ganglion]. Pol Przegl Chir, 1935; 14(6): 793–799. 22. Sulla resezione della mandibola e sua restaurazione. Archivo Ital Chirurgia, 1933; 35(2): 207–217. 23. Dobrzaniecki W., Sowiakowski J.: Les tumeurs de l’orbite. J Chirurgie, 1933; 42(2): 201–221. 24. Le nez bull-dog. J Chirurgie, 1936; 48: 191. 25. Dobrzaniecki W., Stankiewicz S.: Nowotwór szyji wychodzący z pnia współczulnego (neuroma gangliecellulare) u 2-letniego dziecka [Neck tumour coming out of the sympathetic trunk (neuroma gangliecellulare) in a two-year-old child]. Pol Stom Przeg Dent, 1936; 14: 1. 26. Tumeur du cou et du mediastin anterieur de provenance sympatique (ganglioneurome). J Chirurgie, 1936; 48: 785. The tiles of these articles show that the main subject was plastic surgery, both aesthetic and reconstructive one after extensive oncological operations. Profesor Władysław Dobrzaniecki continuously developed his scientific and professional skills, passed on his expertise to other doctors. During nearly 5 years of being a head (1936–1941), the professor educated 17 surgeons who later held managerial positions in the country and abroad [25]. As there are few memories left about Professor Władysław Dobrzaniecki, let me cite, after Professor T. Cieszyński, the memories of those who remembered him: „As reported by many people who knew him directly, Professor Dobrzaniecki showed a huge charisma and profound spirituality. Surgery was the passion of his life. His always active approach to the issues of surgery and scientific research rubbed off on others and were a strong stimulating factor. As far as his other interests were concerned, dramatics and music were his favourite” [3]. We should add to those memories that W. Dobrzaniecki was of average height, well-built, had very dark hair, green eyes shaded by long black lashes, beautifully defined dark eyebrows and a nice, straight nose (Fig. 4.). He was very clever, ambitious and hard-working [8].

5

Twins. Lessons from the Past

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Mazurak M.

Prenatal Cardiology

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2014

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vol. 4

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issue 4

19-22

EN

In the history of civilization twins always fascinated, but initially they were treated as a freak of nature. Relatively recently the first scientific attempts were made to elaborate this theme and in the 50s of the 20th century the first national register of twins was created (Danish). Currently, there are many of such databases and they are an excellent source for a various analyzes, including the incidence and risk factors of genetically determined diseases, among others congenital heart defects. This paper presents a historical, sociological and medical aspects connected with the fascinating world of twins.

6

The Vilnius Section of the Polish Otorhinolaryngological Society in 1924–1939

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Bruzgielewicz A., Bartoszewicz R., Niemczyk K., Krupowies W.

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vol. 10(1)

36-41

EN

The medical society associating doctors dealing with diseases of the ear, nose, larynx and pharynx in the territory of the Republic of Poland was registered in 1921 as the Polish Otorhinolaryngological Society. The Society’s Vilnius Section was established in 1924. We know the most about the Vilnius Section of the Polish Otorhinolaryngological Society because the protocols of the section meetings have been preserved. According to the protocols, 58 sessions were held during the 16 years of the Vilnius Section’s existence. During the entire period of the Section’s activity, over 250 different clinical cases were demonstrated, and more than 30 papers, inventions, new therapeutic and surgical methods were discussed and presented. Colleagues shared their experience gained abroad, internships held in foreign centers; participation in congresses in Poland and abroad were discussed. On September 26–29, 1929 as part of the 13th Congress of Polish Doctors and Naturalists in Vilnius, the Vilnius Section organized the VIII National Congress of the Society and a Section meeting.

7

Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929): the first female physician in the Netherlands

70%

KUSTERS E.

Medicina Internacia Revuo

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2014

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vol. 26

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issue 103

122-125

EN

Aletta Jacobs was the first female physician in the Netherlands. Her biography highlights the social circumstances under which her will to become a doctor prevailed as well as the peculiar traits of her character, which made her successes possible. After her graduation, she provided free medical care to poor women and backed up by her husband turned out to be an active promoter of women’s rights concerning birth control and the right to vote. Furthermore, she was an active propagandist in the young international peace movement. Under the impression of today’s problems, the personal history of that outstanding person should be an ongoing inspiration for all of us.

8

Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) – ojciec medycyny klinicznej w czasach nowożytnych

70%

Pilarz Ł. B., Bajor G., Bulska W.

Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis

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2013

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vol. 67

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issue 4

276-282

EN

The aim of the study is to present the life and work of the Dutch physician. This study presents his contribution to the development of medicine and anatomy in Europe in the 18th century. Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) was a Dutch physician and humanist of worldwide fame. He is considered to be the founder of clinical science. He introduced tutoring at a patient’s bed and applied measuring temperature with a thermometer in diagnosis . He examined digestion processes and was the first author to describe perspiratory glands. He founded the first clinical hospital in Leida. The eponym, Boerhaave syndrome is connected with his person. It is a spontaneous rupture of the esophagus wall. The rupture occurs most often as a result of chronic massive vomiting.

PL

Praca dotyczy życia i działalności naukowej holenderskiego lekarza i uczonego, przedstawiając jego wkład w rozwój medycyny i anatomii w Europie w XVIII wieku. Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) był lekarzem i i humanistą światowej sławy, uważa się go za ojca medycyny klinicznej. Jest założycielem pierwszego szpitala klinicznego w Lejdzie. Wprowadził nauczanie przy łóżku chorego, zastosował w diagnostyce mierzenie temperatury za pomocą termometru. Badał procesy trawienia oraz jako pierwszy opisał gruczoły potowe. Z jego nazwiskiem związany jest jeden eponim, mianowicie zespół Boerhaave’a, określający samoistne pęknięcie ściany przełyku na całej jego grubości. Do pęknięcia dochodzi najczęściej na skutek przewlekłych, masywnych wymiotów.

9

Early concepts on the mechanism of peritonitis with special regard to the experimental work of Karol Klecki

61%

Gryglewski R. W., Gryglewski R. W.

Folia Medica Cracoviensia

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2021

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vol. 61

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issue 2

10

Andreas Vesalius i jego wielkie dzieło: De humani corporis fabrica

61%

Jędrzejewski K.

Folia Medica Lodziensia

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2013

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vol. 40

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issue 2

155-206

EN

Andreas Vesalius was born on 31 December 1514 in Brussels, Habsburg Netherlands, in what is today Belgium. His family was established in medicine for several generations, and young Andreas showed an early interest in anatomy. He attended the University of Louvain and then studied medicine at the University of Paris. Vesalius enrolled at the University of Padua, Europe's prominent medical school, receiving his doctor of medicine degree in 1537. On the day of his graduation he was immediately offered the chair of Surgery and Anatomy in Padua. He also guest lectured in Bologna and Pisa. Previously anatomy had been taught primarily by reading classical texts, mainly Galen’s, followed by an animal dissection by a barber-surgeon whose work was directed by the lecturer. Contrary to the prevailing practice Vesalius performed dissections himself and illustrated the lesson with large, detailed anatomical charts. The lectures were enormously popular. While still a young physician, Andreas Vesalius overturned the fourteen-century-old Galenic canon of medicine and founded modern, scientific anatomy. To attract established physicians to the study of anatomy Vesalius devoted himself for five years to the production of his magnum opus, one of the most important books in medical history and the world's first textbook of anatomy: De humani corporis fabrica, published in 1543. Fabrica contained detailed anatomical descriptions of all parts of the human body, including directions for carrying out dissections. Soon after the publication, Vesalius was invited as Imperial physician to the court of Emperor Charles V and, later, to Philip II of Spain. Over the next eleven years Vesalius travelled with the Spanish court. Like in anatomy, Vesalius gained recognition as a medical practitioner. In 1564 he left Spain for a trip to the Holy Land. On the way back from Palestine his ship was wrecked, and Vesalius died 15 October 1564 on the island of Zakynthos (modern-day Greece), at the age of fifty. He was buried somewhere on the island of Zakynthos.

PL

Andrzej Wesaliusz (Andreas Vesalius) urodził się 31 grudnia 1514 roku w Brukseli, znajdującej się w podległych Habsburgom Niderlandach, zaś obecnie w Belgii. Rodzina Wesaliuszów od wielu pokoleń była związana z zawodami medycznymi, być może z tego powodu Andrzej od dziecka zdradzał zainteresowanie anatomią. Młody Wesaliusz studiował początkowo na uniwersytecie w pobliskim Louvain (w polskiej transkrypcji – Lowanium), a następnie na wydziale medycznym Uniwersytetu w Paryżu. Z Paryża Wesaliusz udaje się do Padwy, gdzie na tamtejszym, sławnym w całej ówczesnej Europie, uniwersytecie uzyskuje w roku 1537 stopień naukowy doktora medycyny. W dniu uzyskania tak pożądanego dyplomu Wesaliuszowi zaoferowane zostaje stanowisko kierownika Katedry Chirurgii i Anatomii Uniwersytetu Padewskiego. Gościnnie wykłada anatomię również w Bolonii i Pizie. Nauczanie anatomii w tamtych czasach opierało się głównie na czytaniu klasycznych tekstów, głównie autorstwa Galena. Lekturze wspomnianych dzieł towarzyszyło obserwowanie przez studentów sekcji zwierząt, wykonywanych z zasady przez balwierzy i cyrulików. Wesaliusz podjął się osobiście wykonywania sekcji i dla lepszego zilustrowania danych morfologicznych, posługiwał się wielkimi, osobiście sporządzonymi, szczegółowymi rycinami anatomicznymi. Jego wykłady były niezmiernie popularne i budziły ogromne zainteresowanie słuchaczy. Ciągle bardzo młody wiekiem profesor Wesaliusz ośmielił się podważyć obowiązujące przez niemal czternaście wieków, klasyczne poglądy Galena dotyczące morfologii człowieka. Dzięki takim staraniom stworzył podwaliny pod współczesną, naukowo udokumentowaną wiedzę o budowie ciała ludzkiego. Ażeby uatrakcyjnić naukę anatomii, szczególnie przyszłym lekarzom praktykom, Andrzej Wesaliusz poświęcił pięć lat swego życia na przygotowanie wiekopomnego dzieła, stanowiącego w historii światowej medycyny pierwszy, kompletny podręcznik oraz atlas anatomii człowieka. W roku 1543 ukazało się pierwsze wydanie De humani corporis fabrica. Dzieło Wesaliusza nie tylko zawierało opis i ryciny ilustrujące szczegółowo wszystkie części ciała ludzkiego, ale także opatrzone było dokładnymi wskazówkami dotyczącymi techniki sekcyjnej. W niedługim czasie po ukazaniu się Fabrica Wesaliusz został mianowany nadwornym lekarzem cesarza Hiszpanii Karola V, a następnie jego syna Filipa II. Przez następnych 11 lat Wesaliusz towarzyszy nieustannie dworowi cesarskiemu. Podobnie jak w zakresie anatomii, Andrzej Wesaliusz również jako lekarz praktyk zdobywa powszechne uznanie i sławę. W roku 1564 Wesaliusz opuszcza Hiszpanię udając się na pielgrzymkę do Ziemi Świętej. W drodze powrotnej z Palestyny jego statek rozbija się w pobliżu greckiej wyspy Zakythos. Wesaliuszowi udaje się wydostać na ląd, jednakże zapada na ciężką chorobę i 15 października 1564 roku w wieku 50 lat, umiera. Grób Andrzeja Wesaliusza znajduje się na wyspie Zakynthos, prawdopodobnie w kościele pod wezwaniem Santa Maria Della Salute.

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Działalność doc. dr hab. n. med. Janiny Sikorskiej-Tomaszewskiej na rzecz rozwoju rehabilitacji w Polsce w latach 1948-1978

51%

Jandziś S., Migała M.

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vol. 24(3)

209-217

EN

Based on an analysis of archival materials from the private collections of Janina Sikorska-Tomaszewska’s family, the Document Repository of Wiktor Dega Memorial Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Hospital in Poznań, articles from daily press and some publications, the authors present the work of Janina Sikorska-Tomaszewska (1911–1998), Associate Professor of Medical Sciences, towards the development of rehabilitation in Poland in the years 1948–1978. Her organizational, educational and scientific activity in the early years of the development of rehabilitation medicine in our country contributed significantly to the establishment of the Polish school of rehabilitation. The 30 years of her activity allow Janina Sikorska-Tomaszewska to be counted among the pantheon of founders of rehabilitation in Poland.

PL

Autorzy na podstawie analizy materiałów archiwalnych pochodzących z prywatnych zbiorów Rodziny Janiny Sikorskiej-Tomaszewskiej, Składnicy Akt Szpitala Ortopedyczno-Rehabilitacyjnego im. Wiktora Degi w Poznaniu, artykułów z pracy codziennej oraz nielicznych publikacji przedstawili działalność doc. dr hab. n. med. Janiny Sikorskiej-Tomaszewskiej (1911–1998) na rzecz rozwoju rehabilitacji w Polsce w latach 1948–1978. Jej praca organizacyjna, edukacyjna i naukowa w początkowych, prekursorskich latach rozwoju rehabilitacji w naszym kraju wniosła znaczący wkład w powstanie polskiej szkoły rehabilitacji. 30-letnia działalność pozwala zaliczyć Janinę Sikorską-Tomaszewską do panteonu twórców rehabilitacji w Polsce.

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Prawno-psychiatryczne refleksje nad książką Artura Katoli Eugenika i eutanazja. Doświadczenia hitlerowskie

51%

Kmieciak B.

Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna

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2013

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vol. 13

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issue 3

197-201

EN

The issue of human rights violations by Nazi doctors has already been extensively described in the Polish literature. A study of Kępiński, Poltawska and the latest reflections of Bomba are a valuable source that presenting mechanisms of functioning the power of medical pathology. Historians of law and medicine have tried to show the practice taken by surgeons, geneticists, dentists and psychiatrists. Scientists described accurately pseudo-experiments performed on concentration camp prisoners. A lot of attention was also devoted to criminal practices that led to the death of many patients in psychiatric hospitals. It seems, however, that the subject has never lost its relevance. It should be a base for reflection on the dangers of forgetting the fundamental principles of ethical practice in medicine. The book by Arthur Katolo is another study showing the action of German doctors during World War II. This book, however, deserves more attention because of the author’s attempt to show the mechanisms leading to acceptance by the Third Reich society of such activities as forced sterilization of mentally impaired people or “life extinguishing procedures” applied to people with disabilities, in particular mental patients. This study analyses legal and social mechanisms, presented by Katola, which lead to acceptance of activities infringing not only the fundamental human rights, but also the basic rights of patients.

PL

Książka Artura Katoli jest kolejnym studium przedstawiającym działania lekarzy niemieckich w okresie II wojny światowej. Zagadnienie naruszania praw człowieka przez medyków nazistowskich zostało już dość obszernie opisane w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu. Badania Kępińskiego, Półtawskiej oraz najnowsze refleksje Bomby są cennym źródłem ukazującym mechanizmy funkcjonowania ,,medycznej patologii władzy”. Dokładnie opisano pseudoeksperymenty wykonywane na więźniach obozów koncentracyjnych przez nazistowskich chirurgów, genetyków, stomatologów oraz psychiatrów. Dużo uwagi literatura poświęciła także zbrodniczym praktykom, które prowadziły do śmierci wielu pacjentów szpitali psychiatrycznych. Wydaje się jednak, że temat jest wciąż aktualny – doświadczenia wojenne powinny być cały czas podstawą refleksji nad zagrożeniami wynikającymi z zatracenia pamięci o fundamentalnych zasadach etycznych zawodu lekarza. Książka Eugenika i eutanazja. Doświadczenia hitlerowskie zasługuje na większą uwagę ze względu na podjętą przez autora próbę ukazania mechanizmów prowadzących do akceptacji przez społeczeństwo III Rzeszy takich działań, jak przymusowe sterylizacje osób upośledzonych umysłowo czy też ,,zabiegi wygaszania życia” osób niepełnosprawnych, w tym szczególnie pacjentów szpitali psychiatrycznych. W niniejszym artykule poddano analizie przedstawione przez Katolę mechanizmy prawne oraz społeczne, które doprowadziły do akceptacji działań naruszających nie tylko fundamentalne prawa człowieka, ale także elementarne prawa pacjenta.

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Działalność doc. dr hab. n. med. Janiny Sikorskiej-Tomaszewskiej na rzecz rozwoju rehabilitacji w Polsce w latach 1948-1978

Prawno-psychiatryczne refleksje nad książką Artura Katoli Eugenika i eutanazja. Doświadczenia hitlerowskie