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1
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Sarcopenic obesity in older people

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Bobowik P. Ż.
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2020
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vol. 34
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issue 4
25-35
EN
Senility is strongly associated with changes in body composition. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) consists of symptoms such as increased body fat mass and a reduction in muscle strength and/or mass. The review covered treatment methods and diagnostic criteria used in SO patients. Moreover, the impact of SO on the health of older people was reviewed. Papers from the Science Direct and PubMed databases were analysed. The following keywords were used: “sarcopenic obesity”, "diagnostic", "treatment", "elderly", and "physical therapy". The inclusion criteria encompassed research studies on SO in older people. To be precise, the review included papers from January 2015 to March 2020, and the review itself was carried out from March to April 2020. Out of over 1,200 SO articles, 18 met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. All of the chosen papers were divided into two main groups. The first group contained papers about SO’s impact on the health of older people. The second comprised works about SO treatment methods. The most commonly used SO diagnostic indicators were: BMI (25kg/m2-30kg/m2), BF% (27%-42%), SMI (x<24%-27%; SMI 0.789), and ALST (x<15.02 kg). SO was also assessed via the use of algorithms. Sarcopenic obesity is a common syndrome related to body composition in older people. Currently, SO patients can be effectively treated with aerobic and resistance training, whole-body electromyostimulations (WB-EMS), supplements, and psychological interventions. Due to the great impact of SO on people’s health, future studies should concentrate on systematising the diagnostic criteria for SO.
2
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DIFFERENCES OF THE HEALTH- RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE SENIOR CITIZENS

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Błachnio A.
Acta Neuropsychologica
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2020
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vol. 18(2)
183-193
EN
The aim of the study was to examine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of the elderly in Poland. Researcher investigated if differences between gender groups were influenced by other variables such as period of ageing („young-old” vr „old-old”) and place of residence (big city, small town, village). The study sample comprised 2565 elderly who were at least 60 years of age. The average age for men was 72,76 and for women 72,39. The health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Polish adaptation WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Respondents rated both quality of life and general health well. Nevertheless the health-related quality of life domains’ rating decreases with age. Women are commonly less satisfied with the WHOQOL-BREF domains. Men living in little towns declared not only a high level of quality of life, but their estimates in the early and late old age are similar. The diversity of health-related quality of life needs further investigation along with a number of more subjective indicators of individual experiencing one’s old age (e.g. sense of one’s time of life or the awareness of age-related changes).
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Diabetes mellitus type 2 in the elderly

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Rymkiewicz E., Rękas-Wójcik A., Milaniuk S., Mosiewicz B., Dzida G.
Polish Journal of Public Health
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2015
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vol. 125
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issue 1
39-41
EN
The number of patients with type 2 diabetes increases along with civilizational development. Advanced treatment methods applied in diabetology and other branches of medicine increase the number of patients. The aim of this work is to present diagnostic and therapeutic problems in elderly people with diabetes. There isa a number of other diseases coexisting with diabetes. These are: hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity. The risk of diabetes increases with age and it is related to lowered insulin secretion, worsened absorption and insulin resistance. Diabetes symptoms in older patients differ from those of other age groups. An early diagnosis can minimize the risk of any cardiovascular events, ranked as one of the leading causes of death in elderly patients. The choice of treatment should be adjusted to the particular patient’s needs, avoid any sudden modifications of administered drugs and educating the patients. These are the most important elements of the therapy.
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Wartość diagnostyczna testu Cramptona (próba ortostatyczna) u osób w podeszłym wieku / The diagnostic value of the Crampton test (the orthostatic test) in the ederly individuals

75%
Magiera A., Kaczmarczyk K., Wiszomirska I.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2011
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vol. 25
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issue 3
29-33
EN
Introduction: The aging process, characterized by physiological changes which compromise various organs and systems, is not the only factor leading to a decline in physical efficiency - biologically unjustified reductions in physical activities are also observed in the elderly. Various psychological, sociological and other factors may determine elderly individuals’ susceptibility to limitations in their everyday physical activities. Diagnostics of the circulation system in terms of physical efficiency and tolerance of effort are therefore more difficult in the elderly than for young individuals. Objectives: To assess the orthostatic reaction of the circulation system in elderly individuals by means of the Crampton test and to obseive changes in the coefficient values after 4 months of intensive physical activity. Material and method: Forty-four students of the University of the Third Age in Warsaw participated in the study. Their average age was 64.2 years, weight 66.5 kg and height 158.5 cm. Their heart rate and blood pressure were re-corded after 10 minutes in recumbent position and 2 minutes after taking standing positions. Results: High values in the Crampton test indicate good and very good orthostatic efficiency of the circulation system. However, these results were not found to correlate with effort ability. We conclude that the Crampton test is of low diagnostic value in the tolerance of effort prediction in the elderly.
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Ocena podstawowych i złożonych czynności życia codziennego pacjentów geriatrycznych po zabiegu endoprotezoplastyki stawu biodrowego / Assessment of basic and instrumental activities of daily living in geriatric patients after total hip arthroplasty

63%
Puzio G., Stopa A., Staszczak–Gawełda I., Krupnik S., Żak M., Szczygielska–Babiuch A.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2014
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vol. 28
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issue 4
13-20
EN
Introduction: Osteoarthritis is one of the principal causes of motion organ disorder in old age. It also happens to be the main reason for a hip joint replacement surgery, by far the most frequently applied treatment for the over 65s. Advances in medical science and physical rehabilitation allow the elderly people to maintain high functional efficiency and self-reliance in performing everyday life activities. Aim of the study: To offer an insight into the most frequently encountered problems in the pursuit of activities of daily living in geriatric patients after total hip arthroplasty. Additionally, the study also aimed to focus on the differences in overall functionality of the elderly persons relative to their age at the time of being subjected to total hip arthroplasty. Material and methods: The study population consisted of 189 patients (123 women and 66 men) remaining in institutional care centres. Basic daily activities ADL scale and complex activities IADL scale were used for functional assessment. All study subjects were stratified by age (age range: Group I - 70 - 79 years; Group II - 80 years and over). Statistical analyses were completed with the aid of STATISTICA v10. package, and the Mann-Whitney test was applied to verification of working hypotheses, with statistical significance assumed at p = 0.05. Results: The study subjects encountered the biggest problems in ADL with regard to unassisted bathing (43%) and in controlling the excretion of urine and stool (66.66%). In IADL rational management of own finances proved most challenging for 71%, and over half of them (54%) was unable to venture out any further than for a short walk. When stratified by age, the main ADL score was not significantly different between the groups (5 points vs. 5 points; p > 0.05). Such differences were found in IADL, though (Group I - 20 points vs. Group II - 18 points; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Within 4 weeks of undergoing a hip joint replacement the persons remaining in institutionalised care exhibited functional deficiencies in caring for personal hygiene. Effective training in performing the activities of daily living should be made a basic component of interdisciplinary approach in geriatric care, in due consideration of individual age constraints.
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Projektowanie opieki pielęgniarskiej pacjenta geriatrycznego mieszkającego w Domu Pomocy Społecznej z wykorzystaniem ICNP®

63%
Pawlak N., Strząska-Kliś Z., Serafin L., Czarkowska-Pączek B.
Innowacje w Pielęgniarstwie i Naukach o Zdrowiu
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2019
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vol. 4
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issue 3
72-90
EN
Introduction. According to the theory of Liliane Israel, aging can be defined as the impact of time on people. We cannot influence the course of time and the upcoming period of old age, however, we can make this time a period of dignified ageing. Many people develop memory problems, reduced physical capacity and resistance to physical effort, reduced hearing and vision or decline in skin's elasticity. It should be remembered that biological, psychological and environmental factors comprise that process. Demographic outlook indicates gradual aging of the population; the number of people over 90 years old will more frequently arise. Poland is currently facing a major challenge - not only medical but also of an economic and social nature. Aim of the study. The purpose of the study is to define the tasks of a nurse in caring for a geriatric patient living in a Nursing Home, using the ICNP ® classification. Case study. Woman, 91 years old, referred t DPS on the grounds of mobility assessment using the International Barthel scale. The patient complains about problems with concentration and memory. With regard to the patient's type II diabetes an easily digestible diet is applied. Patient reports breathing difficulty due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is incresed by occasional smoking. Medical history from 2012 shows that the patient underwent cardiac pacing implantation due to tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. It also showed stage III kidney disease and recurrent urinary tract infection. Conclusions. The aging process is subject to constant observation and research in order assess the reasons for its beginning and course. However, it is inevitable. Designing care for a geriatric patient using the ICNP® classification allows us to give nursing care multidimentional status and create a profile of a nurse - a specialist in the field of internal medicine or geriatrics.
PL
Wstęp. Według teorii Liliane Israel, starzenie się można określić jako działanie czasu na osobę. Na przebieg czasu i nadchodzący okres starości nie mamy wpływu, jednak możemy sprawić, aby czas ten był okresem godnej starości. Wiele osób doświadcza pojawiających się problemów z pamięcią, zmniejszenia wydolności i odporności na wysiłek fizyczny, pogorszenia słuchu i wzroku czy spadku elastyczności skóry. Należy pamiętać, że na proces ten składają się czynniki biologiczne, psychologiczne oraz środowiskowe. Prognozy demograficzne wskazują na stopniowe starzenie się społeczeństwa; coraz częściej będziemy stykać się z osobami powyżej 90. roku życia. Polska obecnie staje przed dużym wyzwaniem – nie tylko medycznym, lecz również o charakterze ekonomicznym czy społecznym. Cel pracy. Celem pracy jest określenie zadań pielęgniarki w opiece nad pacjentem geriatrycznym mieszkającego w Domu Pomocy Społecznej, z wykorzystaniem klasyfikacji ICNP®. Prezentacja przypadku. Pacjentka 91 lat, zakwalifikowana do DPS na podstawie oceny sprawności ruchowej za pomocą Międzynarodowej skali Barthel. Pacjentka uskarża się na problemy z koncentracją oraz pamięcią. W związku z nabytą u pacjentki cukrzycą typu II stosuje się do diety lekkostrawnej. Zgłasza uczucie duszności, wynikające z przewlekłej obturacyjnej choroby płuc (POChP), którą potęguje sporadyczne palenie tytoniu. Z wywiadu w roku 2012 pacjentka przebyła zabieg implantacji układu stymulującego serca z uwagi na zespół tachykardia – bradykardia. W dokumentacji medycznej odnotowano informację o III stadium choroby nerek oraz nawracającym zakażeniu układu moczowego. Wnioski. Proces starzenia jest poddawany ciągłej obserwacji i badaniom, aby ocenić przyczyny jego rozpoczęcia i przebiegania. Jest od jednak nieunikniony. Projektowanie opieki nad pacjentem geriatrycznym z zastosowaniem klasyfikacji ICNP® daje możliwość nadania opiece wieloaspektowości oraz stworzeniu profilu pielęgniarki – specjalisty, z zakresu kompetencji takich jak dziedziny internistyczne czy geriatryczne.
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Poziom motywacji osób starszych a efekty rehabilitacji / Motivational predictors of successful rehabilitation in elderly patients

63%
Pilch A.
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2011
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vol. 19
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issue 4
17-25
EN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of patients’ motivation on rehabilitation outcome. A group of 30 patients, between the ages of 60 and 82 was examined by using Elderly Motivation Scale (EMS-72), Cantril’s ladder and by means of the author’s own survey in which the specific parameters of successful rehabilitation were evaluated: health and life quality assessment, satisfaction with the rehabilitation and willingness to maintain exercise. The study revealed significant correlations between motivation and the determinants of successful rehabilitation. Higher level of intrinsic motivation is associated with better assessment of individuals health and life quality, higher level of satisfaction with rehabilitation and a greater willingness to maintain regular exercise. The level of amotivation increases with age, resulting in worse health assessment and lower life satisfaction
8
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The problem of malnutrition amongst acutely hospitalized elderly patients

51%
Fatyga E.
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
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2021
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issue 75
78-84
EN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of malnutrition in patients who were hospitalized as a matter of urgency in the internal medicine ward, while taking into account the diseases that cause hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on a sample of 320 elderly persons consecutively admitted to the department of internal medicine from September 2019 to January 2020. The nutritional status was measured by: a Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurement (body mass and height) as well as the body mass index (BMI) and body composition analysis using the electric bioimpedance (BI) method. RESULTS: The studies showed malnutrition in 42.6% of men and in 44.7% of women, and severely malnutrition in 24% of men and 24.1% of women. Malnutrition was most often found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and urinary tract infections, and severe malnutrition in patients with cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of malnutrition and severe malnutrition occur in elderly patients urgently hospitalized due to internal diseases. SGA and BI are useful tools for controlling the nutritional status in this group of patients.
PL
WSTĘP: Celem pracy była ocena niedożywienia u pacjentów hospitalizowanych w trybie pilnym na oddziale internistycznym z uwzględnieniem chorób będących przyczyną hospitalizacji. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Przekrojowe badanie obserwacyjne przeprowadzono na próbie 320 osób w wieku podeszłym przyjmowanych kolejno na oddział chorób wewnętrznych od września 2019 r. do stycznia 2020 r. Stan odżywienia sprawdzano za pomocą: kwestionariusza Subiektywnej Globalnej Oceny (SGA), pomiaru antropometrycznego (masa ciała i wzrost), wskaźnika masy ciała (BMI) oraz analizy składu ciała za pomocą bioimpedancji elektrycznej (BI). WYNIKI: Badania wykazały niedożywienie u 42,6% mężczyzn i 44,7% kobiet oraz poważne niedożywienie u 24% mężczyzn i 24,1% kobiet. Niedożywienie stwierdzano najczęściej u osób z przewlekłą obturacyjną chorobą płuc (POChP) i z zakażeniami układu moczowego, a poważne niedożywienie u osób z chorobami układu krążenia. WNIOSKI: U pacjentów w wieku podeszłym hospitalizowanych w trybie pilnym z powodu chorób wewnętrznych wy-stępuje wysoki wskaźnik niedożywienia i poważnego niedożywienia. SGA i BI są przydatnymi narzędziami do kontroli stanu odżywienia w tej grupie chorych.
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