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1
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Air pollution against the background of gasification and climatic factors (exemplified by the situation of Rabka)

100%
Miczyński J., Kraków D. o. M. a. C. A. o. A. i.
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1999
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vol. 3
EN
In the paper the results of air pollution researches in Rabka (dust and sulphure dioxide concentration), conducted before and during the gasification of the town, are presented. The considerable decrease of the air pollution level has been appeared in the period 1993-1995. It is suggested that the introduction of gas as a main energy medium instead of coal and coke had an important influence on this decrease. The consequence of long winter 1995/96 with low temperatures was increase of pollutions levels.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zanieczyszczenia powietrza pyłem i dwutlenkiem siarki w Rabce, przeprowadzone przed, jak też w trakcie gazyfikacji miasta i rozpatrywane na tle czynników pogody. Ocena dotychczasowego materiału wykazała, iż od 1993 r. zaznaczył się wyraźny spadek poziomu zanieczyszczeń powietrza w odniesieniu do lat wcześniejszych i sugerowała, iż wprowadzenie gazu jako nośnika energii w miejsce węgla i koksu miało istotny wpływ na zmniejszenie zanieczyszczenia powietrza do roku 1995. Długa i charakteryzująca się niskimi temperaturami zima 1995/96 istotnie zaburzyła występującą prawidłowość i w konsekwencji wystąpił wzrost poziomów zanieczyszczeń i pogorszenie oczekiwanych efektów aerosanitarnych, a w efekcie korzyści zdrowotnych uzdrowiska Rabka.
2
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Comparison of downdraft and updraft gasification of biomass in a fixed bed reactor

100%
Kluska J., Ochnio M., Kazimierski P., Kardaś D.
Archives of Thermodynamics
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2018
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vol. 39
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issue 4
3
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Estimation of reburning potential of syngas from sewage sludge gasification process

100%
Werle S.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2011
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issue 4
4
Content available remote

Thermochemical analysis of a flue gas-driven biomass gasification

100%
Litka R., Kalisz S.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2012
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vol. 33
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issue 3
487-503
EN
One of the methods of obtaining energy from renewable sources is the technology of indirect cofiring of biomass. It consists in the gasification of secondary fuel and combustion of the generated gas in the boiler together with its primary fuel. The paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of the use of the boiler flue gases as the converting medium in the process of indirect co-firing - a technology which is being developed at the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery of the Silesian University of Technology. The basis of the analysis are the data resulting from variant calculations conducted with the use of the Gaseq program. The calculations were made for various compositions of gasified fuel and the converting medium, variable fuel/oxidiser ratios and variable gasification temperatures. As a result, the equilibrium composition and the calorific value of the generated gas were obtained. The main optimisation objective adopted here was the nondimensional efficiency coefficient, which is the ratio of the chemical energy of products to the chemical energy of the process reactants.
5
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Estimation of reburning potential of syngas from sewage sludge gasification process

100%
Werle S.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2011
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vol. 32
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issue 4
411-421
EN
The motivation of this work was to define the reburning potential of sewage sludge gasification gas (syngas). Numerical simulation of co-combustion process of syngas in hard coal-fired boiler has been done. All the calculations were performed using the Chemkin program. Plug-Flow Reactor model was used. The calculations were modelled using GRI-Mech 2.11 mechanism. The highest NO conversions are obtained at the temperature of about 1000-1200 K. The highest reduction efficiency was achieved for the molar flow ratio of syngas equal to 15%. The combustion of hard coal with sewage sludge - derived syngas reduces NO emissions and the amount of coal needed to produce electricity and heat. Advanced reburning, which is a more complicated process gives efficiency of up to 80%. The calculations show that the analyzed syngas can yield better results.
6
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Application of the TG-MS system in studying sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification

88%
Bedyk T., Nowicki L., Stolarek P., Ledakowicz S.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2008
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vol. 10
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issue 1
1-5
EN
A method of monitoring sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification was proposed. Samples of sludge were pyrolysed in Ar and gasified in CO2 in a thermobalance. The evolved gases were analysed on the calibrated MS, the samples of sludge and solid residues at different stages of the processes were subjected to elemental analysis. The identification and the quantitative characterisation of chemical reactions were performed, based on the DTG and MS profiles.
7
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Thermochemical analysis of a flue gas-driven biomass gasification

88%
Litka R., Kalisz S.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2012
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issue 3
8
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Simulation of circulating fluidized bed gasification for characteristic study of pakistani coal

88%
Ramzan N., Athar M., Begum S., Ahmad S. W., Naveed S.
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EN
A process model for turbulent pressurized circulating fluidized-bed coal gasifier is created using ASPEN PLUS software. Both hydrodynamic and reaction kinetics parameter are taken into account, whose expressions for fluidized bed are adopted from the literature. Various reactor models available in ASPEN PLUS with calculator as External Block are nested to solve hydrodynamics and kinetics. Multiple operational parameters for a pilot-plant circulating fluidized-bed coal gasifier are used to demonstrate the effects on coal gasification characteristics. This paper presents detailed information regarding the simulation model, including robust analysis of the effect of stoichiometric ratio, steam to coal ratio, gasification temperature and gasification agent temperature. It is observed that, with the increase in the flow rate of air, the components hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane reduce, which causes the Lower Heating Value (LHV) of synthesis gas (Syn. Gas) to decrease by about 29.3%, while increment in the steam flow rate shows a minute increase in heating value of only 0.8%. Stoichiometric ratio has a direct relationship to carbon conversion efficiency and carbon dioxide production. Increasing the steam to coal ratio boosts the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and causes a drop in both carbon dioxide concentration and the conversion efficiency of carbon. High gasifying agent temperature is desired because of high concentration of CO and H2, increasing carbon conversion and LHV. A high gasifying agent temperature is the major factor that affects the coal gasification to enhance H2 and CO production rapidly along with other gasification characteristics.
9
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Numerical modelling of a stoker furnace operated under indirect co-firing of biomass

75%
Litka R., Kalisz S.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2016
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vol. 37
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issue 2
10
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Influence of Wastewater Treatment and The Method of Sludge Disposal on the Gasification Process

75%
Werle S., Dudziak M.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
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2014
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vol. 21
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issue 2
255-268
EN
Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper environmentally accepted management before final disposal. Sewage sludge is a by-product of current wastewater treatment technologies. Sewage sludge disposal depends on the sludge treatment methods used in the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic or aerobic digestion, drying, etc.). Taking into consideration presented given this information, a study concerning the effects of wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge drying method on the sewage sludge gasification gas parameters was performed. Gasification is a prospective alternative method of sludge thermal treatment. For the purpose of experimental investigations, a laboratory fixed bed gasifier installation was designed and built. Two types of sewage sludge feedstock, SS1 and SS2, were analyzed. Sewage sludge SS1 came from a wastewater treatment plant operating in the mechanical and biological system while sewage sludge SS2 was collected in a mechanical, biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous phosphorus precipitation. The sludge produced at the plants was subject to fermentation and then, after being dehydrated, dried in a cylindrical drier on shelves heated up to 260ºC (sewage sludge SS1) and using hot air at a temperature of 150ºC in a belt drier (sewage SS2). The analysis shows that the sewage sludge properties strongly depend on the wastewater sources and the wastewater treatment processes. The gasification results, presented as a function of the amount of gasification agent, show that the greater oxygen content of SS1 caused a reduction in the reaction temperature. Paradoxically, this effect caused an increase in the quantity of combustible components in the gas. As expected, increasing the air flow rate caused a decrease in the heating value of the gas produced. A higher amount of oxidizer increases the amounts of noncombustible species and the volumetric fraction of nitrogen, thus reducing the heating value of the obtained gas. The higher hydrogen content in SS1 affects the gasification gas composition. As a result, combustible components are the majority of the syngas.
11
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Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reduction using Sewage Sludge Gasification Gas Reburning Process / Obniżenie Emisji Tlenków Azotu Przy Użyciu Procesu Reburningu Gazem Ze Zgazowania Osadów Ściekowych

63%
Werle S.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 1
83-94
EN
Nitrogen oxides can be formed in various combustion systems. Strategies for the control of NOx emissions in hard coal boilers include the primary (during the combustion) and secondary measures (after combustion). Reburning is the one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In the last several years, reburning technology has been widely studied but almost only in power engineering big load boilers. Nevertheless, NOx emission is an issue that needs to be considered for small capacity boilers as nitrogen oxides resulting from the combustion of any fossil fuels contribute to the formation of acid rain and photochemical smog, which are significant causes of air pollution. Poland is among the largest coal producing country in Europe. Due to this fact, coal fired boilers are very popular in power engineering and also in the municipal sector. Simultaneously, Poland is characterized by the lack of sewage sludge thermal treatment installation. Gasification is considered as a one of the most perspective method of thermal utilization any carbon-containing material. Syngas, which is the main product of gasification, can be used as a supplemental fuel to reduce the consumption of main fuel in boilers, and it has the potential to reduce NOx emissions. The paper proposes to link those two Polish features so the aim of the work is an experimental investigation of the reburning process of sewage sludge gasification gas in a small capacity domestic coal-fired boiler. The results obtained show how the addition of the reburning fuel influences on NOx reduction efficiency
PL
Tlenki azotu mogą powstawać w wielu systemach spalania. Strategia ograniczania emisji tlenków azotu w kotłach węglowych obejmuje metody pierwotne (w trakcie spalania) oraz metody wtórne (po spalaniu). Reburning jest jedną z najbardziej atrakcyjnych metod ograniczania emisji tlenków azotu. W ostatnich latach technologia ta była przedmiotem wielu badań, ale głównie w kotłach energetycznych dużej mocy. Niemniej jednak, emisja tlenków azot dotyczy także kotłów mniejszych, gdyż stanowi ona istotne źródło powstawania kwaśnych deszczów i smogu. Polska należy do grupy krajów europejskich, gdzie węgla wydobywa się (i zużywa) dużo. Z tego powodu kotły węglowe są bardzo popularnymi jednostkami wytwórczymi. Jednocześnie Polska charakteryzuje się brakiem instalacji do termicznego zagospodarowania osadów ściekowych. Zgazowanie jest wymieniane jako jedna z najbardziej perspektywicznych metod przetwarzania substancji zawierającej węgiel, a produkowany w tym procesie gaz może być używany jako paliwo dodatkowe potencjalnie obniżające emisję tlenków azotu. W pracy zaprezentowano techniczne możliwość połączenia tych dwóch typowych dla Polski cech. Celem pracy jest zatem eksperymentalna analiza możliwości obniżenia emisji tlenków azotu z procesu spalania węgla w kotle małej mocy przy zastosowaniu gazu ze zgazowania osadów ściekowych. Wyniki pokazują, jak dodatek paliwa gazowego wpływa na efektywność redukcji NOx
12
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THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDSTOCK TYPE AND OPERATING PARAMETERS ON TAR FORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF GASIFICATION AND CO-GASIFICATION

51%
Kamińska-Pietrzak N., Howaniec N., Smoliński A.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
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2013
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vol. 20
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issue 4
747-761
EN
Increasing energy demand, limited resources of fossil fuels and environmental aspects are the main rationales of the research efforts aiming at wider utilization of renewable resources and waste in energy generation systems. Gasification technologies are based on thermochemical processing of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels to gas of the composition dependent on kind of gasification agent and operating parameters used. The range of applications of the product gas includes basically chemical and petrochemical industries. Its utilization in power generation systems is also of industrial interest since the environmental impact of gasification technologies is lower and the process efficiency is higher than of coal-fired power plants and it enables to utilize wide range of fuels, including fossil fuels, biomass, industrial waste and various fuel blends. One of the most important operational issues related with thermochemical processing of biomass and waste is the formation of tars, which reduces the energy efficiency of the process and causes technical problems in a system operation. The amount and quality of tars depends on the chemical composition of a fuel, a gasification agent used and its ratio to fuel flow, process temperature and pressure as well as the construction of a gasifier. In the paper review of the research on the influence of operating parameters and kind of feedstock on tar formation and composition in the process of gasification and co-gasification is presented.
PL
Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na energię, ograniczone zasoby surowców energetycznych oraz aspekty środowiskowe stanowią główną przyczynę prac badawczych, których celem jest szersze użytkowanie odnawialnych źródeł energii oraz odpadów do celów energetycznych. Technologie zgazowania oparte są na procesie termochemicznej przeróbki paliw stałych, płynnych i gazowych do gazu o składzie zależnym od zastosowanego czynnika zgazowującego i wartości parametrów eksploatacyjnych. Zakres zastosowania produktu gazowego z procesu zgazowania obejmuje głównie przemysł chemiczny i petrochemiczny. Jego zastosowanie w produkcji energii elektrycznej również jest interesujące z uwagi na mniejszy negatywny wpływ technologii zgazowania na środowisko i większą sprawność procesu w porównaniu z systemami kotłów węglowych. Technologie zgazowania umożliwiają również użytkowanie różnych surowców energetycznych, począwszy od paliw kopalnych poprzez biomasę, odpady przemysłowe i różne mieszanki wsadowe. Jednym z najbardziej istotnych aspektów eksploatacyjnych związanych z przetwarzaniem termochemicznym biomasy i odpadów jest tworzenie się substancji smolistych, co obniża sprawność energetyczną procesu i powoduje problemy techniczne w eksploatacji instalacji. Charakterystyka ilościowa i jakościowa substancji smolistych uwarunkowana jest składem chemicznym paliwa, rodzajem czynnika zgazowującego i wartością stosunku natężenia przepływu tego czynnika do nadawy paliwa, temperaturą oraz ciśnieniem procesu, a także rodzajem zastosowanej konstrukcji reaktora. W pracy przedstawiono przegląd badań w zakresie wpływu parametrów eksploatacyjnych oraz rodzaju paliwa na ilość i skład substancji smolistych w procesie zgazowania i współzgazowania.
13
Content available remote

Sewage Sludge-To-Energy Management In Eastern Europe: A Polish Perspective

51%
Werle S.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 3
459-469
EN
The Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC was adopted about 30 years ago with a view to encourage sewage sludge reuse in agriculture and to regulate its use. Meanwhile, some EU Member States have adopted stricter standards and management practices than those specified in the Directive. In particular, the majority of Member States has introduced more stringent standards for sludge quality, including stricter limits for most potentially toxic elements, organic contaminants and other elements. In general, untreated sludge is no longer applied and in several Member States it is prohibited. In some cases, stringent standards have resulted in an effective ban on use of sludge in agriculture. Moreover, the implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EC should increase EU production of sewage sludge, thus enhancing problems related to sustainable sewage sludge management. Additionally, European legislation prohibits the landfill and water deposits of sewage sludge. The latest trends in the field of sludge management, ie combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and co-combustion, have generated significant scientific interest. This trend is specially strong visible in “new” EU Members countries which have to introduce strong EU Directive in their low system. Here the review the state of knowledge and technology in thermal methods for the utilization of municipal sewage sludge to obtain useful forms of energy such as pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and co-combustion taking into consideration Poland situation is presented.
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