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The legal framework of the implementation of community media in Ukraine

100%
Dzholos O.
Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe
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2022
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issue 5(2)
127-136
EN
The ongoing globalization of mass media offers ample opportunities for citizen debate and pluralism of thought. One of the recent world media trends is the creation of different models of public media, which are an alternative to other means of communication. Public media might address issues of contemporary journalism, namely the quality and independence of media, ensuring that citizens receive accurate and impartial information. Ukraine has undergone tremendous changes since it has gained independence in 1991 but the political and legal systems remain unduly centralized, the economy weak, and the government attempts to limit freedom of speech and work of media. During both the Orange Revolution in 2004 and the Euromaidan 2013–2014, the need to deepen democratic freedoms was emphasized. Major advocates of the reform called for strengthening the rule of law, decentralization, denationalization of media, and the establishment of community media in the country, which will be created by the society, serve the society, and work under its control. Measures to increase the diversity of Ukrainian media are one of the practical means to guarantee freedom of speech and diversity of viewpoints. The diversity of media includes not only the diversity of content and multiplicity of media owners but also the variety of media types. Along with traditional models of public service media and private commercial broadcasting, community media emerged as the “third level” of media development that enhances freedom of speech. This article examines the legal aspects of community media implementation in Ukraine, their compliance with the standards and principles of the media law of European countries that govern the media community, and illustrates the development of community broadcasting in the world. It also provides an overview of the international standards for community media, which are backed by legislatures and regulators. Analyzing the Ukrainian media legislative draft, the author of the article offers improvements to the content and funding of community media in Ukraine.
2
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PEDAGOGICAL, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF SHAPING THE IDENTITY OF CULT GROUP FOLLOWERS

100%
Gajewski M.
Acta Neuropsychologica
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2020
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vol. 18(2)
233-258
EN
The rapidly changing world does not provide a man with a sense of stability; he intensifies confusion in fundamental matters related to everyday life. Evolving in directions that are difficult to predict, this is not conducive to the process of maturing into a responsible experience of humanity. Various “religious” organizations and societies take advantage of this situation, putting confusion in order (usually in an apparent way), thereby obtaining new adherents for their vision of a better world. Being under the influence of charismatic leaders, the members of new religious movements change their behaviour diametrically, as well as their way of thinking about themselves and the world. Any former model of life is replaced by a new, i.e., collective, model of thinking, estimating and behaving. Important things lose their value. The hitherto prevailing existence, perceived as “bad”, “unenlightened”, “materialistic” or “not soulful”, is left for a new and “better” life, for purposes that are attainable only thanks to contact with the new group. The acquisition of self-identity and identification with the group requires considerable effort. Going over from one world to another brings with it numerous consequences of a psychological and social nature. Hence an immense complexity of factors forming the identity of a religious man appear. On the one hand, this is influenced by personality factors, the level of inner integration, psychical and emotional maturity, and on the other hand – a number of social conditions, i.e., the specificity of the cult group, its structure, doctrine, history and social relations. All the above makes it impossible to create a universal model of the follower’s identity within cult groups. It is only possible to indicate the conditions for the creation of the new individual, self leading to a manifestation of their participation within a definite cultic group.
3
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Cultivating fiction in the iron cage of reason: some remarks on knowledge, power and democracy

75%
Filipowicz S., Filipowicz S.
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4
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Etos pielęgniarek w aspekcie historycznym

32%
Nawrocka A.
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EN
This works aims at proving the thesis of timeliness of Hippocratic /460- 377 BC/ ethos, Christian ethics and personal model of F. Nightingale /1820-1910/ in the ethos of nurses in the aspect of history. The concept of “ethos” means morality as well as these signifi cant conducts, being the affi rmation of specifi c values distinguishing professional group of nurses. The thought of this thesis focuses on the description of nurses professions ethos in historical aspect, from the times of Hippocrates until 1945 AD. This ethos in historical aspect can also be developed by means of personal standards of moral and nurses authorities and fi rst of all by the principles of Hippocratic ethics, Hippocrates’ ethos and Christian ethics/love of God and man, the charity/ and deontological codes referring to a given specialization of nurses profession. Ethical assumptions of Hippocrates, due to their conformity with natural law, high estimation of life since conception till natural death, respect towards the sick and nurses authorities, the secret of treating, faithfulness to the principle “Primum non nocere”, “Salus aegroti suprema lex esto”, bringing relief in suff ering and oath directed to gods, have humanistic, general character and that is why they were adopted by ethos of nurses.
PL
Celem pracy jest udowodnienie tezy, zakładającej aktualność etosu hipokratesowgo, etyki chrześcijańskiej i wzorców osobowych w etosie pielęgniarek analizowanym w aspekcie historycznym. Pojęcie „etos” oznacza określoną moralność, jak i te znamienne postawy, będące afi rmacją określonych wartości charakteryzujących grupę zawodową pielęgniarek. Idea tej pracy koncentruje się na omawianiu etosu pielęgniarek w aspekcie historycznym od czasów Hipokratesa /460-377 p.n.e./ do 1945 roku. Etos ten może być również kształtowany przez wzorce osobowe autorytetów moralnych i pielęgniarek, ale przede wszystkim przez zasady etyki medycznej Hipokratesa, etos hipokratesowy, etykę chrześcijańską/ miłość Boga i bliźniego, cnota miłosierdzia/ i kodeksy deontologiczne adekwatne do danej specjalizacji zawodów pielęgniarek. Założenia etyczne Hipokratesa ze względu na zgodność z prawem naturalnym, wysoką ocenę wartości życia od poczęcia do śmierci naturalnej, szacunek do chorego i autorytetów pielęgniarek, tajemnicę leczenia, wierność zasadom „Przede wszystkim nie szkodzić”, „Zdrowie chorego najwyższym prawem”, niesienie ulgi w cierpieniu i przysięgę skierowaną do bogów, mają wymiar humanistyczny, powszechny i dlatego zostały one przejmowane przez kształtujący się etos pielęgniarek.
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