Background: An assessment of the influence of a six-week cycle of fitness activities on the state of the adipose tissue in students and an assessment of the efficiency of chosen fitness exercises (STEP, LOW and TBC) in the reduction of the adipose tissue.Material/Methods: Subjects performed physical exercises of the fitness character within a period of 6 weeks. Exercises took place three times a week. Three types of fitness forms of the same intensity were chosen for the research: STEP, LOW and TBC. The subjects were recommended a change in the hitherto existing way of nutrition. The parameters measured were: the height and the mass of the body and the thickness of chosen skin folds (on a shoulder, under a scapula, on the abdomen, on a shin).Results: Systematic participation in fitness exercises as aerobic forms is an efficient and a safe form of the reduction of the adipose tissue; however, six weeks' long STEP, LOW and TBC fitness forms with a frequency of 3 times per week, in the class of 75 examined students, did not bring statistically essential changes of these parameters in those examined. Without a change of the already existing diet, a decrease in the body mass was noted in 54.7% of them; however, a reduction of the adipose tissue followed in 58.7%. For the lack of the possibility of the inspection of the diet of the examined participants, this result can be considered as satisfying. LOW proved to be the activity most efficiently affecting the decrease in the body mass, where the reduction occurred in 61.5% of those exercising. TBC is the most efficient form in the reduction of the adipose tissue. The effect was obtained by 66.7% of those exercising in this class.Conclusions: The applied program of exercises did not have an essential influence on the reduction of both the body mass and the level of the adipose tissue. To prevent the occurrence of overweight and obesity, the applied program of exercises can be used as a form of everyday activity.
Introduction. In the auxologic literature numerous publications confirming the importance of environmental factors for the biological processes of growth and development of motor skills of children and adolescents can be found. The aim of the study was a comparative assessment of the level of somatic development and physical fitness of six-year-old children in urban and rural areas. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2011-2013. A total of 1,057 children, including the 371 boys and girls from the Warsaw agglomeration and 147 boys and 168 girls from the rural environment in the Lublin region were subjects of the study. The average age was 5.87 (±0.30) years. In order to determine the status of somatic development the following features were measured: height and weight, 3 circumferences (shoulder, chest and waist), and 5 skinfolds (above the biceps and triceps, subscapular, on the stomach and on the calf). To assess the motor level the fitness test was used, consisting of the 5 following tests: seated forward bend, shuttle run 10x5 m, standing long jump, sitting-up for 30 s, and 1 kg medicine ball throw with both hands above the head forward. In the mathematical analysis of numerical data the selected techniques of descriptive statistics and Student's t-test and chisquare test were used. Results. Average values of height and weight, and body circumferences were higher in the rural areas (in these measurements of boys' body weight and broad parameters differed significantly). In environments differing in the degree of urbanization of place of residence a similar level of fatness was reported. In the most tests of physical fitness better results were achieved by rural children. This dominance was found especially in the 10x5 m shuttle run and the medicine ball throw. In these tests, there were significant differences in both sex groups. In addition, rural boys achieved significantly better results in the standing long jump and girls - in forward bend. Conclusions. The presence of signaled in the literature urbanization gradients in the rates of somatic development in favor of the urban population was not confirmed. In terms of selected anthropometric parameters (body circumferences) even a significant advantage of six-year-old children in rural areas against the peers in the city was noted. Dominance of the respondents from the rural environment has also been found in the image of their physical fitness. Higher levels of somatic-motor school readiness of six-year-old children from rural areas as compared with urban peers were shown.
To determine the effects of a supervised strength training program on body composition and physical capacity of older women using three different devices: weight machines, elastic bands, and aquatic devices that increase drag forces (ADIDF). Four groups were formed: control group, weight machine group (WMG), elastic band group (EBG) and a group that used ADIDF (ADIDFG). Body composition and physical capacity were assessed before and after the intervention period. The ADIDFG showed improvements in fat mass (FM), fat-free mass of the left arm (FFM-LA) and right arm (FFM-RA), knee push-up test (KPT), squat test (ST) and crunch test (CT) (p <0.05). Individuals in the EBG and WMG also improved their FM, fat free mass (FFM), FFM-LA, FFM-RA, KPU, ST and CT. ADIDF training improves body composition and physical capacity of postmenopausal women as does performing land-based training programs.
Purpose. A number of mental and physical benefits arise from leading an active lifestyle. Many forms of therapies make use of physical activity to reinforce rehabilitation as well as improve the condition of the body and mind. It is in this way that an individual can improve their well-being through cleansing the body of negative emotions and seek inner harmony, which is one of the most important features of mental health. However, the question arises whether all forms of physical activity improve the emotional state of an individual in the same way. A qualitative change in mood may be in fact related to the methodical factors present in physical activity (the type of exercise, the training method or its intensity and frequency) but also an instructor's personality, the age and gender of the participant as well as their physical fitness and motor skills, the subject's current social and mental state, environmental factors or other factors related to everyday life such as work, family, etc. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in mood of physically active and highly fit people, aged 22-25 years, after various forms of physical activity and with different training methodologies. Methods. The Mood Adjective Check List (UMACL) was administered to 84 students before and after completing a course in a number of physical activities. Statistical methods were then applied to the results to measure the size of the differences and for any statistical significance. Results. The results found that regardless of the form of physical activity or class duration, there was a positive change in the mood of participants. Differences in size of the changes, when compared to the forms of physical activity and gender, were not found. Conclusions. The improvement in mood of fit and regularly physically active adults is observed regardless what form of physical activity is practiced.
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of game design modification, the type of the goal and the number of players on the intensity of play in small-sided soccer games (SSGs) in youth elite players. Twenty young soccer players (age 13.7 ± 0.5 years, body mass 57.4 ± 7.8 kg, body height 1.67 ± 7.8 m, maximal heart rate 201.1 ± 8.2 beats/min) performed three types of SSGs (possession play (PP) vs. regular goals (RG) vs. small goals (SG)) in both four-a-side and six-a-side formats. The heart rate responses were recorded and analysed as an indicator of the intensity of play. The four-a-side format obtained higher intensity of play than six-a-side for PP (p<0.05), but not for SG and RG. SG showed higher intensity of play than RG for four-a-side (p<0.001), but not for six-a-side. PP registered higher intensity of play than RG (p<0.05), but not than SG in four-a-side, whereas in six-a-side no differences were found between the three formats. In conclusion, the modification of variables such as the number of players, the game design and the type of the goal influences the intensity of play in small-sided soccer games in youth players.
Strong evidence exists that fitness is a physical health resource, which serves to protect one’s health. There is still uncertainty about which fitness level provides the best health outcome and which measurements can be used for analyzing this question. This cross-sectional study analyzed 462 (64.07% female) German middle-aged adults regarding their fitness status, physical activity (Non-Exercise test), body composition (Body Mass Index) and heart-related health status. Motor tests were used to measure the health-related fitness status. The heart-related health status was surveyed by questionnaire and diagnosis was done in part by a physician. Relationships between risk factors and fitness factors are visible during the correlative analysis. They are substantially more visible in the differentiation of people with and without risks. People with low fitness show noticeable risks in activity, Body Mass Index and heart-related health. People with high fitness show health resources for activity, Body Mass Index and heart-related health. This study points out that all fitness dimensions influence one’s heart-related health in a positive way. Fitness is measured objectively and includes all health-related fitness dimensions such as endurance, strength, coordination and flexibility. Apart from this standardization, we ask for more longitudinal studies and more objective health measurements.
Purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships of peak oxygen uptake ( V̇O2peak), power at V̇O2peak and power at the anaerobic threshold (AT) with national ranking in a sample of British high performance junior surfers. Methods. Eighteen male surfers (aged 15.4 ± 1.4 years) from the British Junior Surfing team were tested for V̇O2peak and AT using an adapted kayak ergometer; national ranking was used to indicate performance level. The AT was identified as the point at which V̇E/V̇O2 started to rise without a concomitant increase in V̇E/V̇CO2. Spearman’s rank (rs) and partial correlations (rp) controlling for age were used to identify the relationships between the physiological variables and national ranking. Results. Mean V̇O2peak was 3.1 ± 0.5 l · min-1 (47.7 ± 7.2 ml · kg-1 · min-1) and mean AT occurred at 48.1 ± 12.2 W. There were significant correlations between national ranking and power at V̇O2peak (rs = -0.549, p = 0.028), power at AT (rs = -0.646, p = 0.009), and age (rs = -0.579, p = 0.012). Significant partial correlations were established controlling for age between national ranking and power at V̇O2peak (rp = -0.839, p = 0.000) and power at AT (rp = -0.541, p < 0.046). Conclusions. The power outputs associated with V̇O2peak and AT were significantly related to surfer ranking in this sample. However, due to the low coefficient of determination associated with the AT/ranking relationship, AT does not discriminate well between the ranking of surfers. These findings support the inclusion of power at V̇O2peak in assessment batteries for junior competitive surfers.
It is well-known that the poor exercise habits characterizing modern civilization are a high risk factor in health. Countervailing them is the responsibility of all social subsystems. This study aims to observe the role of higher education within the framework of comprehensive research carried out at the University of Pannonia, Hungary. A course meeting university standards has been developed for students, the future opinion-shapers, which intends to strengthen the health consciousness, the basis of physical fitness. The objective of the article is to prove the effectiveness of the course and its impact on lifestyle through a longitudinal study. Accordingly, it aims to answer the following questions: Can a change be observed in the factors of students’ psychological and health-related quality of life? Does the health consciousness developed by the course result in a more efficient health-enhancing physical activity? Does broadening knowledge provide long-term motivation for maintaining an active lifestyle? The efficiency of the course has been evaluated through changes observed in the participating students’ quality of life and health consciousness using the following methods: survey (N= 479), in-depth interview (N= 86), and triangulation. The results of the study support the basic assumption that the knowledge acquired in the course contributes in the short run to the students planning their health-preserving life-coaching more consciously, while quality of life indicators change in the long run. Consequently, it has been determined that the transmission of knowledge through the course is an undertakeable and successful endeavor of higher education in the field of health education.
Introduction: Yoga practices are known to have beneficial effect on cognitive functions. Reaction is a purposeful voluntary response to external stimuli. Reaction time is a component of skill related fitness. Humans gives response to different external environmental stimuli with different speed. Majority of daily work is done in response to visual and auditory stimuli. Yoga practices may improve reaction time. Objectives: To study influence of yoga practices on auditory reaction time and visual reaction time. Methods: Researchers used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Researchers searched articles on PubMed, Google scholar and by manual search. Searched articles were screened for relevancy. By use of inclusion and exclusion criteria potential articles were selected. Results: Out of 287articles, finally 5 studies included in current meta-analysis. Yoga activities has effect on visual reaction time (VRT): SMD = 3.06, 95% CI = –0.66–6.78, P < 0.01 and auditory reaction time (ART): SMD = 2.86, 95% CI = –0.37–6.09. Conclusion: Yogic activities can provide beneficial effect on reaction time. Improved reaction time is important for reactive activity like sports. Yoga can be useful as a part of training in skill related work. There is wide scope for further studies to evaluate beneficial effects of yoga activities.
INTRODUCTION: Gender is a combination of psychological characteristics ascribed by culture to men or women. It is unrelated to biological sex but affects one’s experiences, reactions and behavior. The aim of the study was to compare the psychological gender of women involved in different forms of physical activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 112 adult women who have been practicing yoga (Group A) or other group activities (Group B) at least once monthly for at least 1 month. We used the Sex Role Inventory (SRI) and short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between Group A and Group B with regard to age, body mass, BMI, or duration of physical activity per week (p > 0.05). The mean IPAQ score was high in both groups (> 1500 MET); the difference between the groups was not significant (p > 0.05). The majority of subjects from Group A displayed feminine gender (57.14%) as measured by the SRI, followed by undetermined (28.57%), androgynous (10.71%), and masculine (3.57%). The majority of subjects from Group B exhibited androgynous (35.71%) gender, followed by undetermined (33.93%), masculine (23.21%), and feminine (7.14%). The differences between the groups were significant in that regard (p < 0.001). No relationship between the results of the SRI and IPAQ questionnaire was noted (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Women practicing yoga differ with respect to the type of psychological gender from women involved in other physical activities. Feminine gender dominates in the first group, while androgynous is most common in the latter.
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WSTĘP: Płeć psychologiczna jest zbiorem cech psychicznych, kulturowo przypisywanych mężczyźnie lub kobiecie. Nie ma związku z płcią biologiczną, ale wpływa na sposób przeżywania, reagowania i zachowania człowieka. Celem badania było porównanie płci psychologicznej kobiet uprawiających jogę oraz inne formy grupowej aktywności fizycznej. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Zbadano 112 dorosłych kobiet, które przynajmniej od 1 miesiąca uprawiały minimum 1 raz w tygodniu jogę (grupa A) lub inną grupową formę aktywności fizycznej (grupa B). Zastosowano Inwentarz Płci Psychologicznej (IPP) oraz Skrócony Międzynarodowy Kwestionariusz Aktywności Fizycznej (IPAQ). WYNIKI: Między grupą A i B nie wykazano różnic istotnych statystycznie w zakresie: wieku, masy ciała, BMI, czasu aktywności fizycznej w tygodniu (p > 0,05). W kwestionariuszu IPAQ średni wynik w obu grupach był wysoki (> 1500 MET), różnica między grupami nie była istotna (p > 0,05). W inwentarzu IPP najwięcej badanych z grupy A prezentowało płeć psychologiczną kobiecą (57,14%), następnie nieokreśloną płciowo (28,57%), androgeniczną (10,71%) i męską (3,57%). W grupie B najwięcej badanych miało płeć psychologiczną androgeniczną (35,71%), następnie: nieokreśloną (33,93%), męską (23,21%) i kobiecą (7,14%). Różnica między grupami była w tym zakresie istotna (p < 0,001). Nie potwierdzono zależności między wynikami inwentarza IPP i kwestionariusza IPAQ (p > 0,05). WNIOSKI: Kobiety uprawiające jogę różnią się w zakresie płci psychologicznej od kobiet uprawiających inne formy aktywności fizycznej. W pierwszej grupie dominuje płeć psychologiczna żeńska, w drugiej zaś androgeniczna.
Positive correlations between physical activity and fitness with psychological benefits have been reported for many decades. Currently available novel neuroimaging techniques enable comparison and assessment of collected data, creating an opportunity to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of different types of exercise on improving brain functioning and health. There is a strong correlation between frequency of physical activity across the lifespan and benefits for brain functioning and volume. Aerobic physical activity, as the most thoroughly investigated type of exercise, comes out as the most beneficial for increasi ng brain volume and enhancing cognitive functions. It is also effective for raising the levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, sedentary lifestyle may diminish positive influence of physical activity and seems to be a crucial negative factor f or maintaining brain health.
The purpose of the study was: 1) to determine the intensity of an indoor cycling session; 2) to know the correlation between the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales (Borg and OMNI) and % heart rate reserve (%HRR) with categories; and 3) to evaluate the validity of RPE scales (Borg and OMNI) with respect to the heart rate (HR) and %HRR. A total of fifty-three subjects, 25 males and 28 females (ages: 28.79 ± 6.04 years; body height: 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass: 69.59 ± 13.69 kg) were recruited from a private fitness club. All subjects performed the same predesigned indoor cycling session with a total duration of 50 minutes. During the experimental trial, the HR was recorded every 5 s. The Borg 6-20 RPE and OMNI 0-10 scales were used to assess perceived exertion in each phase. The average HR in the cardiovascular phase was 152.24 ± 14.11 b•min-1, the %HRR was 80.62 ± 7.10; and the overall RPE (Borg and OMNI scales) was 14.94 ± 1.11 and 7.18 ± 0.79 points, respectively. The correlation between an average HR and %HRR with Borg and OMNI scales was lower than r = 0.4 (p < 0.05). The correlation value between the Borg and the OMNI RPE scales was r = 0.82 (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that indoor cycling elicits effort of high intensity which could be inappropriate for some participants. The Borg and OMNI scales showed a low validity to quantify the intensity performed in indoor cycling sessions. It indicates the necessity to control the intensity of effort with other instruments to improve efficacy and decrease the risk of overload in this activity.
Because the gut microbiota contributes to host nutrition, health and behavior, and gut microbial community composition differs according to host phylogeny, co-evolution is believed to have been an important mechanism in the formation of the host-gut microbe relationship. However, current research is not ideal for examining this theme. Most studies of the gut microbiota are performed in controlled settings, but gut microbial community composition is strongly influenced by environmental factors. To truly explore the co-evolution of host and microbe, it is necessary to have data describing host-microbe dynamics in natural environments with variation in factors such as climate, food availability, disease prevalence, and host behavior. In this review, I use current knowledge of host-gut microbe dynamics to explore the potential interactions between host and microbe in natural habitats. These interactions include the influence of host habitat on gut microbial community composition as well as the impacts of the gut microbiota on host fitness in a given habitat. Based on what we currently know, the potential connections between host habitat, the gut microbiota, and host fitness are great. Studies of wild animals will be an essential next step to test these connections and to advance our understanding of host-gut microbe co-evolution.
The purpose of the present study was: 1) to determine young tennis players’ fitness and anthropometric characteristics; and 2) to determine to what extent these characteristics relate to the players’ national ranking. Forty young (age 15.1 ±0.4) trained male tennis players, who were ranked from 1 to 40 in their age group in the country’s youth tennis players list, were tested for speed, speed endurance, flexibility, strength, specific agility and quickness, aerobic capacity, height, and weight. Significant correlations were found between the players’ ranking and speed (r = 0.430 – 0.475), specific agility and quickness (r = 0.626), speed endurance (r = 0.562), strength (r = –0.416), aerobic capacity (r = –0.581), flexibility (r = 0.352), height (r = –0.443), and weight (r = –0.293). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that specific agility and quickness accounted for almost 40% of the players’ ranking, while its combination with the players’ height accounted for 56%. The results imply the overall importance of anaerobic capabilities and tennis-specific movements to the young tennis players’ ranking. The results also emphasize the importance of tennis-specific tests to the young tennis players’ performance evaluation
The purpose of this research paper is to review the literature on dance and its impact on children and adolescents' physical health, physiology, psychology and quality of life, as well as its impact on their social behavior and social relationships. With this objective in mind, we carried out an extensive review of the existing literature in the following databases: MEDLINE, AMED, SCOPUS, ERIC, EMBASE and GOOGLE SCHOLAR. Based on this review, it appears that dancing may be a suitable activity that encourages and prompts people to adopt healthy behaviors. In particular, the literature shows that during dance activities performed by children and adolescents, there are significant benefits to a healthy development of the body, to the improvement of mental and emotional health, as well as to the improvement of their social behavior and social relations. In addition, according to the literature reviewed, even during the Covid-19 pandemic, dance seems to be an efficient means of inspiring active engagement in children and adolescents. A means which can be available beyond in-person teaching, whiles still offering all of the benefits of the subject matter at the same time.
Mięśnie brzucha pełnią wiele istotnych anatomicznych i fizjologicznych funkcji, m.in wspierają tułów i kręgosłup, umożliwiają ruch ciała i utrzymują narządy w miejscu poprzez regulację wewnętrznego ciśnienia w jamie brzusznej. Można je podzielić na dwie grupy: mięśnie przednio-bocznej ściany brzucha, które obejmują mięśnie płaskie i pionowe oraz mięśnie tylnej ściany brzucha. W związku z rosnącym zainteresowaniem aktywnością fizyczną wiele osób poszukuje przepisu na mocne i widoczne mięśnie brzucha. Aby ten cel osiągnąć, wymagane jest połączenie treningu aerobowego, siłowego, treningu interwałowego o wysokiej intensywności (HIIT z ang. high intensity interval training) i ćwiczeń ukierunkowanych ściśle na mięśnie brzucha, wraz z odpowiednią dietą i stylem życia. Ważną rolę w procesie wizualizacji odgrywa również procentowy udział tkanki tłuszczowej w całym ciele oraz poziom tłuszczu trzewnego. Ćwiczenia na mięśnie brzucha powinny być różnorodne, oparte na różnych rodzajach ruchu i angażujące wszystkie główne mięśnie. Zaleca się regularne wykonywanie treningu i częste jego modyfikowanie, z uwzględnieniem progresji i wzrostu poziomu trudności. Celem niniejszego przeglądu jest przedstawienie aktualnego stanu wiedzy na ten temat w sposób jasny i przystępny, skierowany przede wszystkim do osób zawodowo zajmujących się lub zainteresowanych sportami sylwetkowymi.
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Abdominal muscles have many vital anatomical and physiological functions, including supporting the trunk and spine, allowing body movement and holding organs in place by regulating internal abdominal pressure. They can be divided into two groups: anterolateral, which include flat and vertical muscles, and posterior abdominal walls muscles. Due to the growing interest in physical activity, many people are looking for a recipe for strong and visible abdominal muscles. To achieve this, a combination of cardiorespiratory, strength, high intensity interval training (HIIT) and strict abdominal muscle exercises, with proper diet and lifestyle is required. The percentage of whole body fat and the level of visceral fat also play an important role in the process of visualization. Exercises for abdominal muscles should be diversified, based on various types of movement and engaging all major muscles. It is recommended to perform training regularly and modify it frequently, taking into account progression and increase in the difficulty level. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on this topic in a clear and accessible manner, primarily addressed to those professionally involved in or interested in bodybuilding.
Obesity is an illness characterised by pathological increase of fat tissue and it is detrimental to health, life expectancy and psychophysical efficiency. People of excessive body mass and larger amount of fat than people of lower body mass, are physiologically less efficient and their locomotive potential is lower. In obese adults fat cells increase their size. Whereas in children, we observe the increase in number of fat cells, which causes obesity in adulthood since the process is irreversible. It often happens that parents do not perceive increased body mass in their children as a health problem until obesity is substantial. This increases the importance of health services in prevention, which may be oriented on properly prepared fitness clubs. General rules applied on the amount of health-oriented training in adults, children and teenagers are similar. Training differs in length, frequency and intensity. Fitness trainings are mostly endurance exercises on cardio equipment, aimed mostly at activating and reduction of the excessive fat tissue. Another form of exercise should be strength training on isotonic equipment. The choice of exercises, their intensity and the patient’s progress should be carefully monitored, as well as the range of HR of each endurance and strength training. Complementarily, flexibility training is proposed, in form of individually chosen exercises.
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Otyłość jest chorobą określaną jako patologiczne zwiększenie ilości tkanki tłuszczowej, która w nadmiernej ilości wpływa negatywnie na stan zdrowia, długość życia i sprawność psychofizyczną. Osoby z nadmierną masą ciała, w której zawartość tłuszczu stanowi proporcjonalnie wysoki odsetek, w porównaniu z osobami o niższej masie ciała są fizjologicznie mniej wydolni, a ich potencjał motoryczny jest niższy. W otyłości u osób dorosłych dochodzi przede wszystkim do zwiększenia rozmiarów komórek tłuszczowych. W przypadku dzieci obserwujemy przyrost liczby komórek tłuszczowych, które mogą się przyczynić do rozwoju otyłości w wieku dorosłym, gdyż zwiększenie liczby komórek jest procesem nieodwracalnym. Często rodzice aż do momentu wystąpienia znacznej otyłości nie postrzegają nadmiernej masy ciała dziecka w kategoriach problemu zdrowotnego. Istotna staje się więc rola służby zdrowia w prowadzeniu działań prewencyjnych, skierowanych na działania np. fitness clubów odpowiednio przygotowanych do podejmowania tego typu zadań. Ogólnie przyjęte zasady dawkowania ćwiczeń w treningu zdrowotnym fitness osób dorosłych oraz dzieci i młodzieży są podobne. Różnią się czasem trwania, częstotliwością podejmowania aktywności oraz stosowanymi obciążeniami. Treningi fitness obejmują głównie wytrzymałościowe formy ćwiczeń, takie jak ćwiczenia aerobowe na urządzeniach typu cardio mające za zadanie przede wszystkim uaktywnić i zredukować nadmiar tkanki tłuszczowej. Inną formą zajęć usprawniających powinny być ćwiczenia oporowe uwzględniające stosowanie urządzeń izotonicznych. Należy przy tym zwrócić szczególną uwagę na dobór ćwiczeń, obciążenie oraz kontrolę postępów. Równocześnie zaleca się stosowanie monitoringu zakresów HR każdej sesji treningu aerobowego i oporowego. Jako uzupełnienie proponowane są ćwiczenia gibkościowe wykonywane jako ćwiczenia indywidualne.
Introduction: The obesity epidemic has begun in the 80s and is still spreading which makes it a serious social and medical problem for the contemporary world. WHO stated that obesity is a chronic disease which requires complex treatment (special diet, change in a life style, physical activity). Both, individual workout performed on the aerobic equipment and resistance training, are crucial for obesity treatment. Propagating healthy lifestyle and proper eating habits among the whole nation is the basis for preventing and curing obesity and overweight. Aim of paper: The aim of the research was to evaluate the diet and the body composition in a group of adolescence, aged 16-18 beginning yearly professionally designed fitness program. Material and methods: The group of 90 girls and 64 boys began a specially designed fitness program which lasted 12 months. The nutritional state together with the body composition was evaluated with the use of bioelectrical impedance method (equipment InBody 220, producer Biospace). Results: The average BMI of the beforehand mentioned group was 23.3 [kg/m2] in girls and 24.4 [kg/m2] in boys. Although the BMI was close to normal the average amount of body fat was too high in girls (28.7%). In the group of girls the BMI showed a proper weight, however the amount of body fat was too high, it was suggested that the amount of fat tissue was decreased while the amount of skeletal muscles was increased. These data show that the proper body proportions were shaken. Conclusions: Professional equipment used for evaluation of the body composition helps to create a detailed program for fat reduction and muscle tissue growth together with creating a professional individual training program.
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Wstęp: Epidemia otyłości notowana od lat 80. XX wieku trwa nadal, stając się poważnym problemem medyczno- -społecznym współczesnego świata. WHO uznała otyłość za przewlekłą chorobę wymagającą kompleksowego leczenia z zastosowaniem właściwej diety, zmiany stylu życia z uwzględnieniem aktywności fizycznej. Promocja zdrowego stylu życia oraz właściwych nawyków żywieniowych adresowana do całej populacji stanowi podstawę prewencji i leczenia nadwagi i otyłości. Celem pracy była ocena stanu odżywienia i parametrów składu ciała w grupie młodzieży w wieku 16-18 lat rozpoczynającej 12-miesięczny programowany trening fitness. Materiał i metody: Grupę badaną stanowiło 90 dziewcząt i 64 chłopców, zakwalifikowanych do długofalowych badań oceniających wpływ ćwiczeń fizycznych na parametry składu ciała i wybrane wskaźniki biomedyczne. Stan odżywienia i skład ciała badanych oceniano metodą impedancji bioelektrycznej z zastosowaniem urządzenia InBody 220 (producent Biospace). Wyniki: Średnie wartości BMI w badanej grupie młodzieży wynosiły 23,3 u dziewcząt i 24,4 u chłopców i mieściły się w granicach przyjętej normy. Pomimo prawidłowych wartości wskaźnika BMI w obu badanych grupach procentowa zawartość tkanki tłuszczowej u dziewcząt przekraczała optymalne wartości i wynosiła 28,7%. Analiza komputerowa składu ciała pomimo prawidłowych wartości BMI wskazywała w grupie dziewcząt potrzebę redukcji tkanki tłuszczowej przy jednoczesnym wzroście masy mięśni szkieletowych. Wnioski: Badanie składu ciała z zastosowaniem urządzeń wyposażonych w komputerowe analizatory pozwala precyzyjnie określić skład ciała badanych i wskazać kierunki prawidłowego indywidualnego programu treningowego.
The prevalence of dementias in westernized countries, including Alzheimer’s disease, is on the rise, mainly due to graying of the populations as well as to the advances of treatment and care of infectious diseases, cancer and cardiovascular disorders, which all lead to a decreased mortality rate in the elderly. The costs of dementia care worldwide grows on parallel, including both direct and indirect cost for patients and their families, as well as health care systems. It has been estimated that modifying strategy delaying the onset of dementia symptoms of merely 5 years would have already a major impact of both prevalence and costs. Several drugs have been proposed as potentially delaying or preventing dementia, including statins, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal therapies, vitamins, natural products and even cholinesterase inhibitors; none of them have been, however, approved for that purpose yet. A number of risk factors might be, on the other hand, managed by non-pharmacological interventions, including lifestyle modifications and early life prevention strategies. In this paper I review current strategies based mainly on cognitive reserve hypothesis. Although no definite recommendations are possible at this point, it looks as if some general issues might already be raised. According to current estimates elderly who keep physically and mentally active, taking care of their cardiovascular fitness as well as moderately restricting their caloric intake (without compromising vitamins and micronutrients) might delay the onset of dementia of several years or even reduce a total risk of developing dementia.
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Starzenie się populacji krajów wysoko rozwiniętych i rozwój medycyny (dający w efekcie spadek śmiertelności głównie z powodu chorób zakaźnych, chorób nowotworowych i chorób układu krążenia) prowadzą do wzrostu prewalencji związanych z wiekiem chorób neurozwyrodnieniowych, przede wszystkim choroby Alzheimera. Obserwuje się także stały wzrost kosztów związanych z otępieniem, zarówno bezpośrednio dla chorych i ich bliskich, jak i dla systemów ochrony zdrowia i opiekuńczych. Szacuje się, że skuteczna strategia prewencyjna, opóźniająca wystąpienie objawów otępienia o 5 lat (a więc w istocie tylko modyfikująca przebieg choroby), zmniejszyłaby światowe koszty o 20 %. Intensywnie badane są strategie oparte o interwencje farmakologiczne, m.in. z wykorzystaniem statyn, leków przeciwzapalnych, leków hormonalnych, witamin, preparatów pochodzenia naturalnego, a nawet inhibitorów cholinesterazy. Szereg zidentyfikowanych obecnie czynników ryzyka może być jednak przedmiotem interwencji niefarmakologicznych, głównie dotyczących stylu życia oraz interwencji profilaktycznych we wczesnym okresie rozwojowym. W pracy omówiono potencjalnie modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka choroby Alzheimera i, opartych o współczesny stan wiedzy, możliwości niefarmakologicznych działań profilaktycznych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono koncepcji rezerwy poznawczej i bazujących na niej strategiach związanych z treningami funkcji poznawczych, aktywnością fizyczną, prawidłową dietą, czy utrzymywaniem bogatej sieci kontaktów społecznych. Jakkolwiek nie można obecnie sformułować żadnych jednoznacznych rekomendacji, coraz więcej danych wskazuje na to, że – niezależnie od czynników natury biologicznej (w tym genetycznych) – ryzyko wystąpienia choroby Alzheimera jest mniejsze, a wiek wystąpienia pierwszych objawów późniejszy u osób aktywnych fizycznie i umysłowo, dbających o sprawność układu sercowo-naczyniowego oraz (prawdopodobnie) ograniczających liczbę kalorii w diecie, bez jednoczesnego indukowania niedoborów witaminowych.
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