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Sexual dimorphism in significant correlations frequency between the characteristics of body trunk and feet in children aged 4 to 6 Years

100%
Kaiser A., Mrożkowiak M., Sokołowski M.
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EN
Relatively few publications have concerned characteristics of body trunk and feet. It is generally suggested that correlations exist between the characteristics of the developing foot and the spinal column. The purpose of the study was to show sexual dimorphism in frequency of incidence, as well as significant correlations concerning selected body trunk and feet parameters in the group of 4−6-year-old children. The examinations conducted in a group of children aged 4 to 6 allowed for recording 2,988 observations, including 1,482 girls and 1,506 boys, and values of 87 characteristics that described body trunk and feet. The test stands for the measurement of the selected parameters using the photogrammetric method consisted of a personal computer, software, screen and printer, and a projection-reception device with a camera. The general number of body trunk characteristics having significant correlations with feet parameters in females was slightly higher. The number of relationships in sagittal and frontal planes was the same in both sexes. The characteristics that differentiated males from females were found mainly in transverse and frontal planes. The number of feet characteristics that most often showed significant correlations with body trunk parameters was higher in girls than in boys. These were mainly characteristics concerning width and length, longitudinal arch and disorders in the position of the feet. The characteristics that differentiated boys described only the longitudinal arch of the feet.
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Rozwój stóp dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym/ The development of children’s feet in preschool age

86%
Wacławek P., Drzał-Grabiec J., Truszczyńska A.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2015
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vol. 29
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issue 1
13-20
EN
Introduction: As the most important period in the formation of the feet is considered to be preschool and early school age. The aim of the study was to evaluate the development of the feet in children of preschool age taking into account age and gender. An additional aim was to determine whether using simple testing methods available for physiotherapists can reliably determine the parameters of the foot in children. Material and methods: The study was conducted among 95 preschool children 49 girls (51.6%) and 46 boys (48.4%). The following data were analyzed: sex, age, anthropometric data. The research was conducted by foot print method. Following parameters were analyzed: length and width of the foot, ALPHA - hallux valgus angle, BETA - the little finger varus angle, GAMMA - heel angle, the Wejsflog index and Clarke index. Results: The study using the footprint method allowed an accurate assessment of the foot of the study group. Highly statistically significant relationship between the width and length of the right and left foot, and the age of the children was confirmed. In the case of Wejsflog index highly significant differences between the measurements in children 5-year-old children in comparing to children 3-year-old and 4-year-old were reported. There were no differences between the structure of children’s feet, taking into account their sex. Conclusion: 1. Structure of girls and boys foot during their progressive development did not significantly differed, suggesting the absence of a clearly marked sex dimorphism in the development of the foot arch. 2. Most of the children foot had proper structure, thus ordering corrective exercises for all children migth not be reasonable. 3.The study confirmed the high value of footprint method.
3
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The Relationship Between Foot and Pelvic Alignment While Standing

86%
Khamis S., Dar G., Peretz C., Yizhar Z.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
85-97
EN
A normal motion and segmental interrelationship has been determined as a significant factor in normal function. Yet, the relationship between distal segments and pelvic alignment needs further investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between distal and proximal lower extremity segments while standing and during induced feet hyperpronation. Changes in alignment of the pelvis and lower extremities were measured at a gait laboratory using the VICON 612 computerized motion analysis system. Thirty-five healthy volunteer subjects were recruited. Four randomized repeated-measure standing modes were used: standing directly on the floor and then on three wedges angled at 10°, 15° and 20° to induce bilateral hyperpronation for 20 seconds. A significant (p<0.05) bi-variate relationship was found between the anterior pelvic tilt and thigh internal rotation, in all four standing positions (.41≤r≤.46, in all p<0.014). A combined effect of rotational alignment between segments and the cumulative effect of foot hyperpronation on pelvic tilt revealed that only the shank significantly affected pelvic alignment, acting as a mediator between a foot and a thigh with the thigh having a crude significant effect on the pelvis. When internal rotation of the shank occurs, calcaneal eversion couples with thigh internal rotation and anterior pelvic tilt. It can be concluded that in response to induced hyperpronation, the shank is a pivotal segment in postural adjustment.
4
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Changes in shape of elderly foot

86%
Drzał-Grabiec J., Podgórska J., Rykała J., Walicka-Cupryś K., Truszczyńska A.
Advances in Rehabilitation
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2013
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vol. 27
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issue 4
13-19
EN
Introduction: The human foot is an important static and dynamic part of motor organ. Changes that occur with age in shaping the feet causes worsening the quality of life, loss of mobility and increased risk of falls. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the women and men’s over 60’s feet shape parameters. Material and Methods: Seventy people (35 women and 35 men), aged between 60 and 90 years old, mean body height 167±5.6 cm, mean weight 78.1±12. kg participated in the study. The control group consisted of 70 people (35 women and 35 men) between the age of 20 and 25, mean body height 172±7,3 cm, mean body weight 70±8,4 kg. Non-invasive photogrammetric method based on the Moiré phenomenon has been used to evaluate the feet shape parameters. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the foot shape between men and women over sixty, compared to the control group for the majority of tested parameters. Analyzing the parameters between a group of men and women, statistically significant differences were found regarding the length (P:p=0.0000; L:p=0.0000) and the width of the foot (P:p=0.0017; L:p=0.0007). The other parameters do not show statistically significant differences. Conclusions: 1. The structure and the shape of a foot among men and women depends on age. 2. Changes in the foot shape among men and women over sixty, in most cases are not correlated with gender.
5
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Piezogeniczne guzki stóp u aktywnych fizycznie dzieci

72%
Brzeziński P.
Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna
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2008
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vol. 4
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issue 4
261-264
EN
Skin of feet in the athletes is continuously subjected to unfavourable influence of deleterious external factors, which may contribute to the development various diseases in this area. A frequent disorder seen in active people are piezogenic foot nodules (PN). They consist in herniation of subcutaneous fat through collagen matrix of reticular dermis. PN may affect even 10-20% of general population, manifesting as painful or asymptomatic papules or nodules. Painful form of PN is more frequent in women. In the athletes, they develop usually in marathon runners and in volleyball players. Trauma may initiate formation of characteristic pedal lesions. They usually take the form of papules or nodules, located on the sole of feet. They manifest at the heel when the patient is standing upright and resolve in recumbent position. The condition may be uni- or bilateral and lesions are usually multiple. Not infrequently the patient complains of pain during standing or walking. In the case of painful lesions, no effective treatment is available. Aim of paper: Analysis of incidence of PN among active children. Material and methods: Study population included 107 children (girls and boys, mean age 14.5 years) training basketball, volleyball or football (“active group”) and 50 children (girls and boys, mean age 9.5 years) not training any sport (“control group”). Proportion of boys and girls in the “active” group and “control” group were 56.07% – 43.93% and 76% – 24%, respectively. Results: PN was seen in 24 children (22.43%) in the “active” group and in 5 children (10%) in the control group. In “active” group, 95.83% of lesions were located in the heel area, also in the control group heel area was affected in 80% of the cases. PN developed most often in volleyball players (53.13%) and was bilateral in 91.67% of the cases. Only one boy in the “active” group complained of pain. There was no family history of connective tissue disease in the “active” group. Conclusions: Development of skin lesions consistent with PN closely correlates with intensity of physical activity. Painful nodules may interfere with active sport training, negatively affecting the person’s physical activity in the future.
PL
Skóra stóp sportowców narażona jest na stałe działanie niekorzystnych czynników zewnętrznych, które mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju schorzeń w jej obrębie. Dosyć często spotykaną jednostką chorobową są piezogeniczne guzki stóp (PN). To przepukliny tłuszczowe, wpuklające się do skóry. Występują u 10-20% społeczeństwa, jako bolesne lub asymptomatyczne grudki lub guzki. Bolesne PN częściej stwierdza się u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. Wśród sportowców głównie spotykane są u maratończyków, siatkarzy. Uraz może zapoczątkować powstanie charakterystycznych guzków. Zmiany występują jako grudki bądź guzki zlokalizowane wzdłuż powierzchni podeszwowej stóp. PN ujawniają się zwykle w okolicy pięty, w momencie gdy pacjent stoi, w pozycji horyzontalnej zanikają. Mogą dotyczyć jednej lub obu stóp. Z reguły są to zmiany mnogie. Nierzadko pacjent odczuwa ból podczas stania czy chodzenia. W przypadku zmian bolesnych nie ma skutecznych metod leczenia. Cel pracy: Celem pracy była ocena występowania PN u aktywnych fizycznie dzieci. Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 107 dzieci (dziewczynek i chłopców) w średnim wieku 14,5 roku, trenujących koszykówkę, siatkówkę i piłkę nożną, oraz 50 dzieci (dziewczynek i chłopców) średnio w wieku 9,5 roku, nieuprawiających aktywnie sportu, stanowiących grupę kontrolną. W grupie sportowców chłopcy stanowili 56,07%, a dziewczynki 43,93%; w grupie kontrolnej odpowiednio 76% i 24% badanych. Wyniki: Występowanie PN stwierdzono u 22,43% sportowców (24 dzieci) i u 10% (5 dzieci) w grupie kontrolnej. W grupie sportowców w 95,83% zmiany obejmowały okolicę pięty. Również w grupie kontrolnej zmiany skórne w 80% zlokalizowane były na piętach. PN odnotowywano najczęściej u siatkarzy (53,13%) i w 91,67% dotyczyły obu stóp. Dolegliwości bólowe zgłaszał tylko jeden chłopiec – sportowiec. Wśród sportowców wywiad w kierunku chorób tkanki łącznej był negatywny. Wnioski: Występowanie zmian w przebiegu PN istotnie koreluje z nasileniem aktywności sportowej. Bolesne guzki mogą ograniczać czynny udział w grach sportowych, co może oddziaływać na późniejszą aktywność sportowca.
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