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1
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The utilization possibility of waste lignite as a raw material in the process of obtaining humic acids preparations

100%
Hoffmann K., Huculak-Mączka M.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 4
1-6
EN
In the light of environmental law utilization lignite waste in non-energy sectors of the economy is a rational way to manage them. Lignite due to the lower degree of coalification and calorific value as well as a high content of humic substances becomes a valuable component of fertilizer. The paper presents the possibility of using lignite waste as a raw material in the process of obtaining humic acids with 0.1 M NaOH. The idea of the process combines production, environmental and economic purposes. After the extraction process of humic acids and considering the possibility of using waste formed during the process, were carried out a number of studies to assist in choosing the best solution to its management.
2
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Supported liquid membrane extraction of peptides.

100%
Drapała A., Dżygiel P., Jönsson J. Å., Wieczorek P.
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2001
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vol. 48
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issue 4
1113-1116
EN
The application of supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction for the enrichment of short peptides is presented. The extraction efficiency is dependent on the pH of donor phase and salt concentration in acceptor phase. Moreover, the extraction efficiency is also influenced by the peptide amino-acid sequence and hydrophobicity.
3
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Removal of lindane from wastewater using liquid-liquid extraction process

100%
Patil I. D., Patil Y. S., Pangarkar B. L.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2013
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vol. 15
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issue 3
81-84
EN
Pesticide pollution is a serious problem being faced. Harmful levels of pesticides are found in the water which is used for daily purposes. In the event of such a scenario, this paper presents a working solution for bringing down the Pesticide levels in the water to safe levels by using the method of liquid-liquid extraction. The experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data on pesticide-water-solvent ternary mixtures at a temperature of 288.15 K are presented here. The pesticide used here is a chlorinated hydrocarbon called lindane found in the water (underground, land), beverages and foods. The solvents used are Petro-ether-Chloroform (1:1), Ethylene di chloride and n-hexane. The equilibrium generation diagram, triangular diagram, tie lines and bimodal curves as well as the distribution coefficient have been determined and reported. The petro-ether-chloroform was found to be the right solvent for the separation of lindane from wastewater because of high selectivity (25.36) and distribution coefficient (4). The extraction process is simulated into ‘C’ language
4
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Ilex Sp.

100%
Zwyrzykowska A., Kupczyński R., Jarosz B., Szumny A., Kucharska A. Z.
Open Chemistry
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2015
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vol. 13
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issue 1
EN
Natural compounds are an important source of desired biological activity which help to improve nutritional status, enhance productivity and bring many health benefits. The leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae) are used for preparing a beverage known as yerba mate and represent a proven source of natural polyphenols which are known to foster biological activity with the emphasis on antioxidant properties. In present work we focused on the polyphenolic content of air-dried leaves of Ilex aquifolium L., Ilex aquifolium ‘Argentea Mariginata’, Ilex meserveae ‘Blue Angel’, and a commercially available mate as the reference product. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC and LC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC), were used to establish polyphenolic substances content in aqueous methanolic extracts obtained from the biological matter. Up to 20 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the extracts, including rutin, quinic acid and its caffeoyl esters, i.e. chlorogenic acid and its isomers as well as dicaffeoyl derivatives. We took chlorogenic acid and rutin as reference compounds to quantify their levels in the extracts. It was determined that in all tested plants, high levels of these antioxidants were present. This led us to the conclusion that their leaves might serve as valuable food additives.
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Enhancement of Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Membrane Cleaning Process by Addition of Organic Solvents

100%
Krzysztoforski J., Krasiński A., Henczka M., Piątkiewicz W.
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vol. 34
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issue 3
403-414
EN
In this study, the process of membrane cleaning by supercritical fluid extraction was investigated. Polypropylene microfiltration membranes, contaminated with oils, were treated in a batch process with a supercritical fluid (SCF). As extractant, pure supercritical carbon dioxide or supercritical carbon dioxide with admixtures of methanol, ethanol and isopropanol were used. Single-stage and multi-stage extraction was carried out and process efficiency was determined. The obtained results showed that addition of organic solvents significantly enhances the cleaning performance, which increases with increase of organic solvent concentration and decreases with increasing temperature. All three solvents showed a comparable effect of efficiency enhancement. The results confirmed that supercritical fluid extraction can be applied for polypropylene membrane cleaning.
6
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Biomass of freshwater Cladophora as a raw material for agriculture and the cosmetic industry

88%
Messyasz B., Leska B., Fabrowska J., Pikosz M., Roj E., Cieslak A., Schroeder G.
Open Chemistry
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2015
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vol. 13
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issue 1
EN
This study was undertaken to determine mineral content, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the freshwater macroalga – Cladophora glomerata. The studies were based on the content comparison in algal biomass collected from a lake and cultured in a laboratory. To determine the ability of copper cumulating by macroalgae, Cladophora was cultured in the medium supplemented with Cu ions. This study indicated that the relative abundance of metals in filaments decreased in the following order: Ca > K > Mg > Na > Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > As > Ni > Cd > Mn > Cr > Co. Total protein content ranged from 14.45% in Cladophora from a lake to 26.55% in Cladophora from a laboratory. The main amino acids analyzed were aspartic and glutamic acid. The fatty acid content in the dry matter of the extract varied depending on the extraction method used: ethylene alcohol (19.0%), acetone (34.5%) or supercritical fluid extraction (62.5%). Freshwater C. glomerata due to the macrominerals, trace elements, amino and fatty acids composition in the extracts can be a valuable resource for nutritional and cosmetic applications.
7
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Equilibrium and rate of iron(III) extraction from chloride solutions by individual hydrophobic extractants and their mixtures

88%
Staszak K., Cierpiszewski R., Prochaska K.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2011
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vol. 13
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issue 1
1-5
EN
The main goal of this work was to study and compare the rate of iron(III) extraction from chloride solutions by commercial extractants: Alamine 336, TOPO and LIX 54 and their mixtures. Using the interfacial tension data, obtained for mixed systems, the values of surface mole fraction and molecular interaction parameter of extractants were estimated. Determination of the extraction rates was performed by using the Lewis-type stirred transfer cell. It was found that the extraction efficiency of extractants are changed in the following order: Alamine 336>TOPO>β-diketone. The addition of a chelating extractant to the system decreases the extraction efficiency, for example the addition of β-diketone to TOPO decreases the extraction efficiency by about 50%.
8
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Content available

Enhancement of Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Membrane Cleaning Process by Addition of Organic Solvents

88%
Krzysztoforski J., Krasiński A., Henczka M., Piątkiewicz W.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2013
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issue 3
9
Content available remote

Recovery of HCl from Chloride Leach Solution of Spent HDS Catalyst by Solvent Extraction

88%
Banda R., Nguyen T. H., Lee M. S.
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vol. 34
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issue 1
153-163
EN
In the present work, amine based extractant and its mixture with cationic and solvating extractants were tested for the extraction of HCl from chloride solution containing Al(III). The chloride feed solution resulted from the leaching of spent HDS (hydro-desulfurization) catalysts. For this purpose, amine extractants, such as TOA (trioctyl amine), Alamine 336 (a mixture of tri-octyl/decyl amine), Alamine 308 (tri-isooctyl amine), and TEHA (tri 2-ethylhexyl amine) were used and the extraction and stripping behavior of HCl was compared. The extracted HCl was easily stripped from loaded TEHA phase, when compared with the other tested tertiary amine system. Solvent extraction reaction of HCl by TEHA was determined from the extraction data. Unlike TOA and Alamine 336, adding cationic extractant to TEHA had negligible effect on the extraction and stripping of HCl. In our experimental ranges, no Al was extracted by amines and pure HCl was recovered. MaCabe- Thiele diagrams for the extraction and stripping of HCl by TEHA were constructed.
10
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Composition of extraction products from alkylated high-sulphur coals

88%
Kozłowski M., Wachowska H., Yperman J.
Open Chemistry
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2003
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vol. 1
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issue 4
366-386
EN
Products of reductive and non-reductive methylation of two high-sulphur coals (Mequinenza and Illinois No. 6) have been extracted by dichloromethane. It has been established that the efficiency of the transformation of coal to the products soluble in CH2Cl2 is higher for coals subjected to non-reductive methylation by the Liotta method than for those after reduction in the potassium/liquid ammonia system. The extracts and the extraction residues were subjected to elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and AP-TPR (Atmospheric Pressure-Temperature Programmed Reduction) measurements. It has been shown that the main species undergoing extraction by CH2Cl2 are aliphatic compounds or aromatic structures of low degree of condensation. The effect of the extraction on the sulphur groups in coal has been discussed.
11
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Molten solvent extraction behavior of palladium with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone at 60 °C

75%
Peng B., Guo X., Mao X., Gao J.
Open Chemistry
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2007
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vol. 5
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issue 3
912-921
EN
The solvent extraction behavior of precious metal palladium with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazone (PMBP) into molten paraffin wax has been studied in the temperature range from 55 to 75 °C. The complex consisting of PMBP and palladium was extracted into molten wax phase in the pH range from 1.0 to 3.5 at 60 °C. The extraction efficiency was up to 97% at the experimental pH. The stoichiometry of the extracted species of palladium was determined on the basis of slope analysis method. The effects of time to achieve equilibrium, temperature, and extractant concentration on the extraction were discussed. The thermodynamic data indicate that the extraction is an endothermic reaction and the increase of temperature promotes the extraction of palladium into molten paraffin wax and the extraction of palladium with PMBP is entropy controlled at high temperatures. [...]
12
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Content available

Application of Gaussian cubature to model two-dimensional population balances

75%
Bałdyga J., Tyl G., Bouaifi M.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2017
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vol. 38
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issue 3
13
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Systems Containing Butanol and Ionic Liquids – A Review

75%
Kubiczek A., Kamiński W.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2017
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vol. 38
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issue 1
14
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Kinetics and thermodynamics of gossypol extraction from defatted cottonseed meal by ethanol

75%
Saxena D., Sharma S., Sambi S.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 2
29-34
EN
Gossypol is polyphenolic aldehyde, a toxic substance naturally present in cotton plant to protect it from insects, pests and diseases. Maximum gossypol is concentrated in the seed. After extraction of oil from the cottonseed, the defatted cottonseed meal which contains both the gossypol and proteinous matter is left behind. A number of attempts have been made using different solvents to extract gossypol from the seeds. However, all these efforts have remained in the realm of academic activity only as none of them could be commercialized. If a pilot plant or commercial scale plant is to be developed then the data on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the extraction process is required. In this study ethanol has been used as the solvent at temperature below 323K for removal of gossypol from the defatted seed. This study finds the effects of parameters viz. temperature, solvent to solid ratio (SR) and extraction time on the gossypol extraction efficiency. The data obtained are used to establish the kinetics and thermodynamics of the extraction process.
15
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Content available

Recovery of HCl from Chloride Leach Solution of Spent HDS Catalyst by Solvent Extraction

75%
Banda R., Nguyen T. H., Lee M. S.
Chemical and Process Engineering
|
2013
|
issue 1
16
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The Influence of Concentration of Acetic Acid and Pepsin Enzyme in Nilem Fish Skin Collagen Extractionto the Amount of Rendement Produced

75%
Junianto J., Iskandar I., Rizal A., Damayanti W.
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vol. 21
164-170
EN
The added value of nilem fish skin needs to be increased. The purpose of this study is to determine the concentration of acetic acid solution combined with the pepsin enzyme in the extraction of collagen from nilem fish skin that is necessary to obtain the highest yield/renderment. The study employed an experimental research method that used a completely randomized factorial design. The first treatment is the concentration of acetic acid solution. This consists of three levels, namely 0.5M, 0.7M and 0.9M. The second treatment is the concentration of the enzyme pepsin. This in turn consists of three levels, namely 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5% (weight / weight). The parameters observed were collagen renderment. The results showed that the combination treatment concentration of 0.7 M solution of acetic acid by the pepsin enzyme at 1.0%, in the extraction of collagen from fish skin, produce the highest yield compared to other combinations. The renderment yield is 6.18%.
17
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Contribution of V4 countries to mineral sustainable development in EU

75%
Čulková K., Csikosova A., Janošková M., Bauer V., Čulková K., Csikosova A., Janošková M., Bauer V.
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi
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2020
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vol. 36
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issue 4
18
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Removal of phenols from aqueous solutions with solvating extractants

75%
Regel-Rosocka M., Wiśniewski M.
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EN
The removal of selected phenols (phenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 4-fluorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol) from aqueous streams by liquid-liquid extraction is studied. Butylene and propylene carbonate - are used as green extractants. They permit to remove almost 100% of the examined phenols from feed solutions of phenol concentration about 20 g/dm3. Additionally, stripping of phenols from loaded organic phases is carried out with NaOH. The results of extraction parameters for alkylene carbonates (extraction efficency and distribution ratio) are compared with commercial solvating extractant - Cyanex 923.
19
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A study of cerium extraction by TBP and TODGA using a rotating diffusion cell

75%
Bromley M. A., Boxall C.
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issue 4
859-864
EN
For the study of the coupled interfacial-mass transfer kinetics of, inter alia, TBP, TODGA, CyMe4-BTBP and CyMe4-BTPhen based solvent extraction processes, a new rotating diffusion cell (RDC) apparatus has been established at Lancaster University. RDC studies of Ce(IV)/TBP and Ce(III)/TODGA extraction systems have been undertaken in order to improve the understanding of the chemical and kinetic processes involved. In each case, an interesting dependency on local hydrodynamics at the solution phase boundary with results suggesting that the organic extractant molecules migrate into the aqueous phase in order to capture Ce.
20
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Hafnium Oxide as Efficient Material for a New Generation Dielectric

75%
Mukhachov A., Kharitonova O., Terentieva O.
Acta Physica Polonica A
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2018
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vol. 133
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issue 4
778-780
EN
In the early 2000-ies, world leaders in the field of computer engineering, such companies as IBM, Intel and Samsung Electronics announced the development of a new technology for the production of boards based on multilayer films HfO₂-Al₂O₃ on a silicon pad using the method of atomic layer deposition. The board has a high dielectric constant value thus making it possible to produce smaller transistors with increased operational speed, to reduce leakage current and electric energy consumption. It has been known that hafnium oxide is used in the production of optical devices, resistors, electronic ceramics, neutron absorption compositions, and catalysts. High purity of material is one of key conditions for its application. As source material, hafnium concentrate was used that was enriched to 10% in the form of K₂(ZrHf)F₆ salt - the product of fractional crystallization of zirconium and hafnium fluorides in the production of zirconium for nuclear applications. Another source material is a HFO₂ commercial-grade hafnium oxide produced at Vilnogorsk Mining and Smelting Works. Key process stages are fusion with alkali at a temperature of 800°C, dissolution in nitric acid and extraction. The impurities content of resultant hafnium re-extract is 10-5% (mass). The prime objective of the process technology is the preservation of hafnium purity in its oxide production, which is attained by the application of materials and equipment items having a high corrosion resistance, such as stainless steel, crucibles made of high-purity silicon, reaction vessels made of zirconium and fluoroplastic. Centrifugal extractors allow the key critical process of hafnium extraction purification to be sufficiently effective, resulting in obtaining the product of a required 99.99% purity. Physical properties of hafnium oxide are presented in sufficient detail in. Hafnium oxide can by produced using various methods to be selected based on the requirements to product quality, process efficiency and cost considerations.
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