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EN
This study aims to rate twenty negative images from IAPS among a sample nurse students. We compare the mean valences between males and females and between participants from the final semester and participants from the first semester. The comparison of the mean valences values between the current study and the norm mean valence values from IAPS was established. null We tested 100 students from Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technics of Health, Rabat, Morocco, were recruited. The panel valence from SAM was cued to evaluate the perceived pleasure and unpleased degree after exposing the different images from IAPS to the participants. The displeasure degree among nurse students from final semester is lower than that of the first semester with a significant difference in sixteen images. Regarding the difference between males and females, the significant difference was observed only in five images. The all images evaluated by participant were perceived as negative (valence <4). Regarding the comparison of the mean valences values between a the current study and the norm mean valence values from IAPS significant differences were observed. Nurse students from the final semester, compared to the first semester students, perceived the negative images assessed as less unpleasant. However, we noted that the all images have kept the negative aspect. These results show that these images can be used as a negative emotional stimulus among this population.
EN
The aim of the research was to identify the pattern of psycho - physiological response to emotional stimulation in adults with chronic stuttering. The need to tell a lie functioned as emotional stimulation. Reaction to the stimulus was defined as the change of electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR), thoracic breathing (TB), diaphragmatic breathing (DB) and respiratory rate (RR) observed 10 seconds before and after the emotional stimulation. Reactions were recorded using Professional Computer Polygraph PIK-02 manufactured by Areopag-Center. The subject group included 68 persons with chronic stuttering (PWS) (24 women and 44 men) as well as 62 healthy nonstuttering persons (PWNS) (18 women and 44 men). Adult patients with chronic stuttering were observed to increase the amplitude and reaction field as well as reduce the EDA latency. The researchers also noticed both increased HR and the range of its changes. Respiratory reactions included a lower amplitude of TB, higher increase and major changes within DB as well as minor changes in RR. Adult patients with chronic stuttering display a unique pattern of psychophysiological response to emotional stimulation, which is different from the one found in the control group.
EN
Previous studies indicated that poverty was linked to lower quality of life. The aim of this study is to answer on the following question: do children from families with low financial status differ in quality of life, emotions and mood from children living in families with average income? We also tested differences between children living in the city and in the countryside. 129 children aged 12-14 participated in the study. Children from families with low financial status evaluated their quality of life higher, and felt more happiness and love, as well as more positive in mood. Children from the city felt more fear than children living in the country. There were no statistically significant differences between children living in the city and country areas in quality of life and mood.
EN
Detention in a prison is the isolation of an individual from society, placing him in an isolated space, where the punishment is not only the lack of contact with family or loved ones, but also being with other - often not easy in coexistence - prisoners. The reduced level of external stimuli makes internal life (experiences, emotions) a priority. Undertaking any creative activity reduces a prisoner’s concentration on the matter of isolation and any health problems and issues: real or imaginary. This process counteracts chaos and contributes to a gradual stabilization of the emotional system. Creative activity, by strengthening emotional stability, helps the regaining of balance and influences the prisoner’s adaptation to the life situation in which he finds himself. The initiation of creative activity by prisoners promotes the reintegration of the individual and social (here including cultural) self. The first part of this article will explain why introducing the arts is not only desirable, but natural given the setting, and inmates’ propensity for creative expression. The next part will present the examples of unstructured and structured programs developed for the creative revalidation of prisoners. Studies have revealed that undertaking creative activity on the part of prisoners plays an important role in the proces of revalidation. At the same time, analysis of works of art produced by prisoners gives an insight into the neuropsychological mechanisms of creation and provides important information for planning therapeutic programs.
EN
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the changes in emotional states in pregnant women after completing a relaxation session and a one-off physical exercise class. Methods. The study included 139 pregnant women between the ages of 22 to 34 years (28.59 ± 2.99 years) in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy who were participating in one of three programs: a progressive relaxation course, a physical exercise program, or a traditional childbirth education program (control group). Emotional states were assessed by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman’s Profile of Mood States immediately before (pre-test) attending their seventh respective class and then immediately after finishing it (post-test) Results. The pre-test emotional state of participants in all three groups was similar. Post-test, both the exercise and relaxation groups featured significantly improved emotional states, with the changes greater than those of women who attended the prenatal class. Pregnant women who participated in physical exercise were less troubled and tense and characterized by a higher level of vigor than the control group. Conclusions. Physical exercise may be especially helpful in coping with fatigue and feeling tired, while relaxation training is more beneficial for women with elevated levels of anxiety and depression.
EN
The study concerns deficits in attention in adults with symptoms of hyperkinetic syndrome. The subject of measure was speed and accuracy of detection the stimuli physically, semantically and emotionally congruent to a given criterion and the accuracy of ignoring the stimuli which did not meet this criterion. Experiment has been conducted with 30 subjects with ADHD syndrome and 30 control subjects without any symptoms of deficits. It has been demonstrated that subjects with hyperkinetic syndrome less accurate and slower detect stimuli congruent with a criterion, and this effect is more apparent in the case of emotional stimuli. Differences has also been emerged in ignoring stimuli which not meet the given criteria. However it has been shown that differences in performance between groups fade in the next trial, what can be interpreted in the terms of efficient mechanism of skill acquisition in subjects with hyperkinetic syndrome.
8
Content available remote

Polish Fans’ Emotions during EURO 2012

100%
EN
Background: The study was conducted during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships between 8 and 19 June. It aimed at longitudinal investigation into the dynamics of Polish fans’ emotions related to the performance of their national football team. Special focus was laid on investigating the evaluation of organizational preparedness to the tournament as a broader context for sport events, and relating it to fans’ emotions Material/Methods: Over 700 individuals took part in 3 waves of the study which corresponded to Polish team’s games in the group stage of the tournament. Participants were contacted immediately after the final whistles, receiving e-mails with links to on-line questionnaires. In the first wave, respondents filled in the scales of national pride and shame, interest in football, enthusiasm and skepticism after the opening match and anticipatory emotions before the second match. In the second wave, outcome-related emotions were measured as real (the draw score) and as counterfactual (victory and loss). In the third wave, scales concerning Poland’s final defeat were employed. Each wave included measures of fans’ behavior during the game. Results: The experience of a real (with the Czech Republic) or imaginary (with Russia) defeat was determined by pre-match anticipatory excitement and the intensity of expressive behavior during the match. Satisfaction with the tournament organization and general enthusiasm about the event affected the emotional reaction to the outcome draw (with Russia) as well as to constructive coping with the eventual defeat. Conclusions: Draw is experienced by football fans as qualitatively different from a loss or a victory. Defeat of a team or its victory are highly emotional results whereas a draw leads to more balanced reactions and derives its meaning from the context of the event.
EN
The serious game “JeStiMulE” (Educational Game for Multisensory Stimulation of Children with developmental disorders), developed by the Autism Resources Center of Nice, was created to teach social cognition including emotion recognition for children and adolescents with autism. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effectiveness of the serious game JESTIMULE in remediating recognition’ deficits of emotional facial expressions (EFE) in autistic children. Thirty-two Moroccan children and adolescents were recruited for this study. All participants received a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Diseases, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-R) criteria for ASD, as well as the Rimland Checklist E2. IQ level has been assessed by using Raven’s Progressive Matrices as an IQ testing scale. The par ticipants received two one-hour JeStiMulE sessions per week over four weeks. Game data were collected for each participant. The Faces test was used to quantify the progression of the ability to recognize emotions in our subjects. The results of the descriptive analyses showed suitable adaptability, effectiveness and efficiency of JeStiMulE. In Faces test, a significant difference between scores of the Pre-intervention and Post-intervention (Z= -3.58, p<0.001), in favour of the Post-intervention (M=23.22, SD=2.96 versus M=27.27, SD=2.77). That indicate that participants were more accurate at recognizing emotions after JeStiMulE. In addition, a main effect of type of autism was found for the facial scale (H = 6.673, ddl = 2, p = 0.036). High-functioning autism were significantly better than Low-functioning autism at recognizing emotions from faces in both Pre-intervention and Post-intervention. With such non-verbal tool, training could start early. Thus, early management, the more the progression in the recognition and imitation of facial expressions is important, the more we gain autonomy and social integration just in time to begin school. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EN
The aim of the study was to analyze mood regulation in people practicing hatha yoga in the background of people who do not practice this sport activity. Materials and Methods: 96 Respondents from the Slaskie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie province took part in the research The subjects were divided into two groups: practicing hatha yoga (N = 46) and control (N = 49). The analysis was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey using the standardized tool: Mood Control Scales. During the tests, the age and sex of the respondents were taken into account. Results: The average results of males and females exercising and not exercising hatha yoga in the Elevated Mood Scale are very similar to each other and range from 3.91 to 3.97 in women and from 3.87 to 3.91 in men. The results of men in the Depressed Mood Scale, as in the Elevated Mood Scale, differ slightly. However, a large difference, up to 0%, can be noticed by observing the results of women, 2.22 for exercising women and 2.79 for non-exercising women. Conclusions: Practicing hatha yoga has a beneficial effect on the level of mood regulation, contributing to the improvement of the mental state, the implementation of vital tasks and life goals and, consequently, reducing the negative mood and proper social functioning. Decreasing the level of low mood positively affects the quality of life. People with the ability to regulate the mood are less subject to mechanisms exacerbating the negative mood and, consequently, do not undertake the procedures leading to this mood. It can therefore be assumed that a bad mood is not treated in the category of failure, life catastrophe or a state without a way out. The conducted research allowed to show a greater tendency to reduce the level of low mood in women practicing hatha yoga. In the analysis, there were dependencies between the tendencies of mood regulation and gender. These dependencies were seen in women, whereas with men this did not play a significant role research did not play a significant role. However, there was no negative effect of the hatha yoga exercise on the level of mood.
EN
Recently, the relationship between visual art and brain function and disease has raised considerable interest among neurologists, neuroscientists, and artists themselves. Visual art production involves multiple processes including basic motor skills, such as the coordination of movements, visual-spatial processing, emotional output, a socio-cultural context, as well as obviously creativity. Thus, the relationship between artistic output and brain diseases is particularly complex, and brain disorders may lead to an impairment of artistic production in multiple domains. Understanding the nature of aphasia, which leads to significant changes in human life in the physical, psychological, social and professional sphere, makes us aware of the importance of the individual (objective and subjective) and the social (collective and cultural) self system in the process of creation, especially in artists. Observing the works of artists with aphasia, we notice that each of them perceives the surrounding world differently. One wonders what makes them present reality in one way and not in another. It is true that all works of art show reality in thousands of different ways, and only an unoriginal artist will employ someone else's vision - one already used in a work. It should not be forgotten, however, that the work of artists with aphasia often takes on features resulting from the nature of the problems they face and is initially unoriginal, as they have to overcome fundamental technical difficulties and problems of technique. In this article, we present the possibilities for rehabilitation, of strengthening artists with aphasia, in order for them to find the self lost as a result of illness.
EN
The primary aim of this study was to find a correlation between emotional functioning of hospitalised adolescents and acts of deliberate self-harm. Study of emotional functioning included such aspects as emotional expression and emotional control. Analysis of the phenomenon of auto-aggression was based on quantitative and qualitative classification, i.e. number and methods of auto-aggression. The secondary aim of the present study was to assess correlations between gender, age, type of underlying mental disorder, current familial situation (patient’s family status), relations with parents/caregivers and suicidal attempts and their correlation with acts of auto-aggression. Study population consisted of 40 patients treated at the Department of Adolescent Psychiatry of Medical University in Łódź, Poland. Their age ranged from 14 to 18 years, and all had a documented history of at least one act of deliberate self-harm. In this study we used a custom-devised questionnaire, enabling collection of basic sociodemographic data and determination of number, methods and emotional background for acts of auto-aggression in adolescents. Their underlying psychiatric diagnosis was also accounted for. The following instruments were used: the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (measuring subjective control of feelings of anger, depression and anxiety), and the Color Pyramid Test (projection-based instrument, based on assumed correlation between preference for certain colours and emotional status of an individual). We partly succeeded in confirming the thesis about correlation between emotions (their type and control mechanisms) and undertaken autodestructive behaviours (principal aim). We could not confirm in a statistically meaningful way premises defined as secondary aims of the paper.
PL
Podstawowym celem przeprowadzonych badań była próba wykazania związku między funkcjonowaniem emocjonalnym hospitalizowanych adolescentów a dokonywaniem przez nich zamierzonych samouszkodzeń. Funkcjonowanie emocjonalne rozpatrywano m.in. w takich aspektach, jak ekspresja emocji, kontrola emocjonalna. W analizach zjawiska autoagresji uwzględniono podział na liczbę i metody samouszkodzeń. Celem dodatkowym prezentowanych badań była ocena zależności między płcią, wiekiem, rodzajem zdiagnozowanego zaburzenia psychicznego, aktualną sytuacją rodzinną (z kim zamieszkuje osoba badana), oceną relacji z rodzicami/opiekunami oraz występowaniem tendencji samobójczych a dokonywaniem samouszkodzeń. Grupę badanych stanowiło 40 pacjentów Kliniki Psychiatrii Młodzieżowej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi. Były to osoby w wieku 14-18 lat, u których stwierdzono (i odnotowano w historii choroby) co najmniej jednorazowe zamierzone uszkodzenie ciała. W badaniach zastosowano specjalnie przygotowany kwestionariusz pozwalający na zebranie podstawowych danych socjodemograficznych oraz ustalenie liczby, metod i emocjonalnych przyczyn podejmowania samouszkodzeń przez młodzież. Uwzględniono w nim również diagnozę osoby badanej. Ponadto wykorzystano Skalę Kontroli Emocjonalnej, będącą narzędziem samoopisu służącym do pomiaru subiektywnej kontroli uczuć gniewu, depresji i lęku, oraz projekcyjny Test Piramid Barwnych, bazujący na założeniu, iż istnieje zależność między preferencją barw a stanem afektywnym jednostki. Częściowo udało się potwierdzić założenie o istnieniu zależności między emocjami (ich rodzajem oraz sposobami kontroli) a podejmowaniem zachowań autodestruktywnych (cel główny badań). Nie udało się potwierdzić na poziomie istotnym statystycznie założeń określonych w celu dodatkowym prezentowanych badań.
EN
Self-aggressive behaviours among adolescents are an increasing problem for psychiatric treatment. The presented research addresses the issue of emotional intelligence as an underlying cause of self-injury. A Two-Scale Inventory of Emotional Intelligence (DINEMO) and Self-Injury Rating Questionnaire were applied to the group of 70 adolescent patients (age range 14-18) hospitalized in the Central Clinical Hospital in Lodz, with the history of at least 1 self-injury incident since hospital admission. The analysis demonstrates that patients with more than 4 self-injury incidents have on average a higher level of emotional intelligence, in comparison to patients with sporadic self-mutilation incidents. This dependency was more pronounced for females than males. The authors conclude that self-injury interventions in adolescent patients should be focused on enhancing the emotional competencies rather than symptomatic treatment.
PL
W perspektywie ostatnich kilku lat obserwuje się znaczne nasilenie zjawiska zachowań autoagresywnych u młodzieży. Szereg autorów wciąż poszukuje uwarunkowań tych działań. W pracy analizowano emocjonalne podłoże zachowań autoagresywnych. Celem badania było określenie poziomu inteligencji emocjonalnej u młodocianych pacjentów dokonujących samouszkodzeń, autorzy uwzględniali przy tym płeć badanych oraz liczbę samouszkodzeń. Do badania wykorzystano Dwuwymiarowy Inwentarz Inteligencji Emocjonalnej DINEMO oraz Kwestionariusz do oceny samouszkodzeń - specjalnie skonstruowany na potrzeby zaplanowanych badań. Grupę badaną stanowiło 70 pacjentów w wieku 14-18 lat, hospitalizowanych w Oddziale Psychiatrii Młodzieżowej Centralnego Szpitala Klinicznego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi, u których stwierdzono występowanie co najmniej jednego samouszkodzenia po przyjęciu do szpitala. Wyniki uzyskane w pracy pokazują, że badani pacjenci, którzy dokonali więcej niż 4 samouszkodzeń (SU>4), wykazują istotnie wyższy poziom inteligencji emocjonalnej niż ci uszkadzający się epizodycznie. Prezentowane analizy wykazały również, że w zakresie ogólnego poziomu inteligencji emocjonalnej podgrupa samouszkadzających się dziewcząt uzyskała istotnie wyższe wyniki niż podgrupa chłopców. Wyniki badań przedstawione w pracy pozwalają wnioskować, że samouszkodzeń nie należy wyłącznie leczyć jako objawu, lecz trzeba oddziaływać na czynniki je warunkujące. Konstruowanie strategii terapeutycznych powinno podążać w kierunku wzmacniania samoświadomości emocjonalnej, czyli zwiększania kompetencji emocjonalnych młodocianych pacjentów.
EN
Relations between psychology, psychiatry and cardiology are multidimensional and begin to have growing importance in the diagnosis and treatment of patients of cardiosurgery, electrocardiology and cardiac rehabilitation. Palpitations in the course of tachycardia with narrow QRS are often a significant clinical problem. Improperly planned diagnosis can significantly extend the time for proper diagnosis and treatment implemented. Patients suffering from inappropriate sinus tachycardia sometimes for many years experience a severe somatic disease significantly lowering the quality of their life. Early diagnosis can reduce further unnecessary tests and reclaim the patient’s full physical fitness and a sense of well-being. It is known that psychological and social factors have a significant impact on the majority of cardiac diseases, and there is a correlation between stressful experiences and heart disease exacerbation. Another important problem is the need for early diagnosis and treatment of coexisting psychiatric disorders of cardiacs – due to the frequency of their occurrence and their impact on the quality of patients’ life. The detection of dysfunction by a cardiologist, psychologist, and psychiatric consultations can effectively prevent the accumulation of somatic and mental setback risk.
PL
Wielowymiarowe zależności między psychologią, psychiatrią a kardiologią mają coraz większe znaczenie w diagnozowaniu i leczeniu pacjentów oddziałów kardiochirurgicznych i elektrokardiologicznych oraz rehabilitacji kardiologicznej. Objawy związane z arytmią serca tworzą często bardzo złożony obraz, przez co stanowią istotny problem kliniczny. Nieprawidłowo zaplanowana diagnostyka może znacząco opóźnić właściwe rozpoznanie i wdrożenie leczenia. Nieadekwatna tachykardia zatokowa należy do zespołów z grupy zaburzeń regulacji autonomicznej. Skomplikowany obraz kliniczny i mnogość objawów sprawiają, że pacjenci – niekiedy przez wiele lat – mają poczucie poważnej choroby somatycznej, która istotnie obniża jakość życia. Wczesne rozpoznanie może ograniczyć dalsze, często zbędne badania, a także przywrócić pełną sprawność fizyczną i poczucie zdrowia. Jak wiadomo, czynniki psychologiczne i społeczne wpływają na większość chorób kardiologicznych; istnieje korelacja między stresującymi wydarzeniami a zaostrzeniem chorób serca. Innym istotnym problemem jest potrzeba wczesnego rozpoznawania i leczenia zaburzeń psychicznych współistniejących z kardiologicznymi – ze względu na częstość ich występowania oraz wpływ na jakość życia chorych. Mowa tu przede wszystkim o schorzeniach związanych z zaburzeniami rytmu serca. Odpowiednia diagnoza kardiologa i psychologa, a nierzadko również skorzystanie z konsultacji psychiatrycznej mogą zapobiec wzrostowi ryzyka pogorszenia zdrowia somatycznego i psychicznego pacjenta.
16
Content available remote

Effect of music on human body

63%
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2010
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vol. 18
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issue 4
77-82
PL
Poniższy artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniom oddziaływania muzyki na ludzki organizm. Celem pracy jest przytoczenie przykładów badań z lat 2000-2010, które wskazują na jej leczniczy wpływ na stan fizyczny i emocjonalny człowieka. Przedstawiono prace poruszające wpływ muzyki w zespole Retta, padaczce, plastyczności mózgu, krążeniu mózgowym, zaburzeniach zachowania i śnie. Ponadto naukowcy wskazują, które obszary mózgowia ulegają aktywacji podczas słuchania muzyki, a także opisują zachowanie się czynności bioelektrycznej mózgu w trakcie ekspozycji na bodziec dźwiękowy.
EN
This article presents the effect of music on human body and contains a review of papers from the last decade, which have confirmed therapeutic effect of music on the physical and emotional condition of patients. The papers cited in the review describe the impact of music in the therapy of Retts syndrome, epilepsy, brain malleability, cerebral circulation, behavioural and sleep disorders. Moreover, scientist indicate, which areas of brain become activated when listening to music and describe bioelectrical behaviour of brain during exposure to sonic stimulus.
EN
Crisis is a fact of life. It commonly means difficulties but it is also perceived as a breakthrough, beginning of changes. In order to fight against crisis one must be aware of danger. The more we know about a potential threat, the easier it is to get prepared for struggle. Knowledge lets us control the situation. Crisis intervention should mean a fast situation diagnosis (identification of the crisis causes), identification of the situation of the person in crisis and the ability to cope with problems, ability to cooperate and get help. A major part is played by a clinical psychologist or a psychologist representing holistic approaches. Prevention of specialized atomisation of medicine is often discussed and measures are taken against hindering of patients complex treatment. Health is perceived in the context of psychosocial factors, as every disease is accompanied by strong emotions dependent on many factors. Due to appropriate support, motivation and energy to fight against it can be released. The issue of crisis and struggle against it was not appreciated in the past, although crisis as a phenomenon present in the sphere of human activity is an inevitable consequence of the reality one lives in. Many factors determine how one fights against it, such as: individual reactions, environment, circumstances. The author would like the mentioned issues to be treated as a contribution to the discussion on the “humanization of the world”, which cannot be achieved without the participation of us, psychologists who are humanists.
PL
Kryzys to element życia. Potocznie oznacza trudności, ale postrzega się go także jako stan przełomu, początek zmian. Aby walczyć z kryzysem, trzeba mieć świadomość zagrożenia. Im więcej wiemy o potencjalnym zagrożeniu, tym łatwiej przygotować się do walki. Wiedza pozwala na kontrolowanie sytuacji. Interwencja kryzysowa powinna polegać na szybkim zdiagnozowaniu sytuacji (identyfikacji przyczyn kryzysu), określeniu sytuacji osoby w kryzysie i jej umiejętności poradzenia sobie z problemami, możliwości współdziałania, a także udzieleniu pomocy. Istotną rolę odgrywa tu psycholog lub psycholog kliniczny, reprezentujący holistyczne podejście. Coraz częściej mówi się o zapobieganiu specjalistycznej atomizacji medycyny i podejmuje kroki zapobiegające hamowaniu kompleksowego leczenia pacjenta. Zdrowie postrzega się w kontekście czynników psychospołecznych, gdyż wiadomo, że z każdą chorobą wiążą się silne emocje, zależne od wielu czynników. Odpowiednie wsparcie może wyzwolić motywację i energię do walki z chorobą. Problemu kryzysu i walki z nim nie doceniano w przeszłości, chociaż kryzys – jako zjawisko rozpatrywane w sferze funkcjonowania człowieka – jest nieuchronną konsekwencją rzeczywistości, w jakiej się znajdujemy. O sposobie walki z kryzysem decyduje wiele czynników: indywidualne reakcje, otoczenie, okoliczności. Autor chciałby, aby zasygnalizowane problemy stały się przyczynkiem do dyskusji nad próbą „humanizacji świata”, której nie uda się osiągnąć bez udziału nas, psychologów, a więc humanistów.
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vol. 7
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issue 4
227-232
EN
“Emotional intelligence” is a relatively new term that leads to ambiguous associations connotations. Apart together with from “intelligence quotient” (IQ) emotional intelligence attracts gains more and more interest of the scientific society. According to the recent studies precisely emotional intelligence is the key factor that contributes to about 80% of all success stories, compared to IQ that contributes only to approximately 20%. Success refers here not only to professional matters, but also to everyday interpersonal relations or mental health. Strictly academic deliberation of intelligence concept reveals that ability of handling emotions has bigger influence on human life than language, mathematical or analytical skills, that used to be considered key success factors historically. It has been accepted that not only intellect and ability of handling difficult situations, but also his or her personal and social capacity, way of experiencing the world and determining life goals is responsible for human’s performance. This conclusion led researchers into further investigations that resulted in formulating the idea of emotional intelligence. The aim of this article is to investigate the evolution, understand the genesis and structure of the emotional intelligence concept. Scope of this article includes a chronological analysis of development of this psychological concept, study of competing theories explaining the role and meaning of emotional intelligence and overview of available researches related to emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is continuously raising contentions and debates among the scientific society. The debate about emotional intelligence is ongoing and is a specific catalyst of changes in understanding of emotional intelligence concept. This study tries to approach and understand the phenomenon that emotional intelligence has been lately.
PL
„Inteligencja emocjonalna” to nowe pojęcie wywołujące niejasne skojarzenia. Obok „ilorazu inteligencji” cieszy się ono coraz większym zainteresowaniem badaczy. Według najnowszych badań to właśnie inteligencja emocjonalna przyczynia się w około 80% do sukcesu, podczas gdy iloraz inteligencji tylko w 20%. Sukces nie oznacza tu tylko spraw zawodowych, lecz także codzienne relacje interpersonalne czy zdrowie psychiczne jednostki. Rozważając koncepcję inteligencji w rozumieniu akademickim, okazało się, że na jakość życia jednostki większy wpływ ma umiejętność radzenia sobie z emocjami niż zdolności językowe, matematyczne czy logiczne, które kiedyś całkowicie prognozowały sukces. Przyjęto, że na funkcjonowanie człowieka i jego zdolności radzenia sobie z sytuacjami trudnymi składa się nie tylko intelekt, lecz także jego kompetencje osobiste i społeczne oraz sposób przeżywania świata i wyznaczone cele życiowe. Wniosek ten skłonił badaczy do poszukiwań, których efektem jest powstanie pojęcia inteligencji emocjonalnej. Celem niniejszej pracy jest prześledzenie historii rozwoju pojęcia inteligencji emocjonalnej, poznanie jego genezy i struktury. Chronologicznie przedstawiono ewolucję myśli psychologicznej, konkurencyjne teorie wyjaśniające rolę i znaczenie pojęcia inteligencji emocjonalnej oraz przegląd badań na jego temat. Inteligencja emocjonalna jest tematem, który stale budzi kontrowersje i dyskusje badaczy. Polemika wokół inteligencji emocjonalnej pozostaje wciąż żywa i jest swoistym katalizatorem zmian zachodzących w jej rozumieniu. Praca jest próbą przybliżenia i zrozumienia fenomenu, jakim w ostatnim czasie stała się inteligencja emocjonalna.
EN
The state of stress and styles of coping with stress constitute an important component of life of every human being, particularly during adolescence. Effective coping mechanisms enable reduction of severity of stress experienced, while inability to manage stressful situations results in alterations in emotional and physiological domains, disturbances of mental well-being, somatic health and social functioning. Since a few years, we are witnessing a significant aggravation of the phenomenon of auto-aggression among children and adolescents, particularly in populations already undergoing psychiatric treatment. Such behaviours fulfil several functions: they may represent a way to express emotions, a means of adaptation or a style of coping with difficulties encountered in everyday life and emotional tension associated therewith. The aim of this study was to analyse predominating styles of coping with stressful situations, adopted by adolescent patients performing self-harm. The study population encompassed 35 patients, aged 16.60±0.18 years, there of 27 girls and 8 boys, hospitalised at the Department of Adolescent Psychiatry of the Medical University in Łódź, who had a history of deliberate self-harm (DSH). Control group included 32 healthy volunteers aged 16.91±0.16 years, thereof 23 girls and 9 boys. In view of the size of study population, it was subdivided into subgroups depending on whether episodes of DSH were sporadic or repetitive. Data were collected using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). This questionnaire was designed specifically to explore styles of coping with stress. Self-harming adolescents, both girls and boys, significantly more often adopted emotion-oriented style. Patients with repetitive DSH (over 4 episodes) significantly more often adopted emotion-oriented style and/or avoidance-oriented style, particularly in the form of seeking social contacts – social diversion, as compared with those committing episodic DSH.
PL
Stres i radzenie sobie ze stresem to stany, które odgrywają ważną rolę w życiu każdego człowieka, zwłaszcza w okresie dojrzewania. Skuteczne radzenie sobie z sytuacjami trudnymi powoduje zmniejszenie stanu odczuwanego stresu, natomiast niemożność radzenia sobie w takich sytuacjach wiąże się ze zmianami w sferze emocjonalnej lub fizjologicznej, a także zaburzeniami dotyczącymi dobrostanu psychicznego, zdrowia somatycznego oraz funkcjonowania społecznego. Z perspektywy ostatnich kilku lat obserwuje się znaczne nasilenie zjawiska zachowań autoagresywnych u dzieci i młodzieży, szczególnie w populacjach leczonych psychiatrycznie. Zachowania te pełnią różne funkcje, mogą być sposobem ekspresji emocji, obronno-adaptacyjnym środkiem bądź sposobem radzenia sobie z trudnościami i towarzyszącym napięciem emocjonalnym. Celem podjętych badań była ocena dominujących stylów radzenia sobie w sytuacjach stresowych stosowanych przez młodocianych pacjentów dokonujących samouszkodzeń. Do badania zakwalifikowano 35 pacjentów (16,60±0,18 roku) – 27 dziewcząt i 8 chłopców, hospitalizowanych w Klinice Psychiatrii Młodzieżowej UM w Łodzi, u których stwierdzono samouszkodzenia (SU). Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 32 zdrowych ochotników (16,91±0,16 roku) – 23 dziewcząt i 9 chłopców. Ze względu na liczbę SU grupa badana została podzielona na dwie podgrupy z epizodycznymi SU oraz z powtarzającymi się SU. W badaniu zastosowano Kwestionariusz Radzenia Sobie w Sytuacjach Stresowych (CISS). Kwestionariusz ten służy do diagnozowania stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem. Młodzież dokonująca samouszkodzeń, zarówno dziewczęta, jak i chłopcy, istotnie częściej stosują w sytuacjach trudnych styl radzenia sobie skoncentrowany na emocjach. Pacjenci z powtarzającymi się samouszkodzeniami (SU>4) znacząco częściej w porównaniu z pacjentami z epizodycznymi samouszkodzeniami (SU≤4) wykorzystują w sytuacjach stresogennych styl skoncentrowany na emocjach oraz styl skoncentrowany na unikaniu, zwłaszcza w formie poszukiwania kontaktów towarzyskich.
EN
Aim: The picture of elderly people, narrowly understood, tends to be quite explicitly associated, namely as either embittered, grumpy, tyrannizing their family and friends, emotionally unstable or active, gentle and kind. Meanwhile, like in the case of people from younger age groups, the typology of elderly people is slightly more varied, including their way of regulating experienced emotions. The aim of the article was the search for the specificity of anger regulation and the connection between the techniques of anger regulation and self-image in elderly people. Based on Bentovim’s theory, emotion regulation was understood as modulating, modifying, focusing and controlling intense excitement and experienced tension. Material and methods: The sample group consisted of 31 men (study group) and 39 women (control group) above 64 years of age. The study procedure had a questionnaire form and involved completing psychological tests by subjects, including Self-Expression and Control Scale – SECS (T. van Elderen et al.) and the Adjective Check List – ACL (H.G. Gough, A.B. Heilbrun). Results: The groups differed significantly in terms of anger regulation and self-image. There are links between different ways of anger regulation and the real self-image. Conclusions: The way of anger regulation is significant for the self-image experienced by elderly people, while a constructive expression of anger and the effective control of this process give a chance for the optimization of the quality of life of elderly people.
PL
Cel pracy: Zawężony pojęciowo obraz ludzi starszych bywa kojarzony dość jednoznacznie, tzn. są oni określani bądź jako osoby zgorzkniałe, gderliwe, tyranizujące swoich bliskich, nieradzące sobie z emocjami, bądź też jako aktywne, łagodne i życzliwe. Tymczasem, podobnie jak u ludzi z młodszych grup wiekowych, typologia seniorów jest nieco bardziej zróżnicowana, w tym także sposób regulacji doświadczanych przez nich emocji. Celem badań zaprezentowanych w niniejszym artykule było określenie specyfiki zarządzania złością oraz związku pomiędzy różnymi strategiami regulacji tej emocji a obrazem siebie u osób starszych. Opierając się na teorii Bentovima, regulację emocji rozumiano jako modulowanie, modyfikowanie, ukierunkowanie oraz kontrolę intensywnego pobudzenia i doświadczanego napięcia. Materiał i metody: W skład badanej grupy weszło 31 mężczyzn (grupa badawcza) i 39 kobiet (grupa kontrolna) powyżej 64. roku życia. Procedura badania miała charakter kwestionariuszowy i obejmowała samodzielne wykonanie przez badanych testów psychologicznych, w tym: Self-Expression and Control Scale – SECS (T. van Elderen i wsp.) oraz Testu Przymiotnikowego ACL (H.G. Gough, A.B. Heilbrun). Wyniki: Badane grupy różniły się znacząco w zakresie regulacji złości oraz obrazu siebie. Istnieją związki pomiędzy sposobami regulacji złości a posiadanym realnym obrazem siebie. Wnioski: Sposób regulacji złości ma znaczenie dla obrazu siebie osób starszych, a konstruktywne wyrażanie złości oraz efektywna kontrola tego procesu dają szansę optymalizacji jakości życia seniorów.
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