Bulk samples consisting of BaCe_{0.85}Y_{0.15}O_{3-δ} (BCY15) and Ce_{0.85}Y_{0.15}O_{2-δ} (YDC15) compounds, mixed together in different ratios, were studied as potential electrolytes in dual protonic ceramic-solid oxide fuel cells and compared with non-composite BCY15 and YDC15. The microstructures of the sintered materials indicate that BCY15 exhibits the largest grains, whereas composites have greater visible porosity than the non-composite samples. From X-ray diffraction studies it follows that BCY15 and YDC15 consist mainly of one phase, whereas the composites are two-phase materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies at different temperatures show that the composite materials are capable of conduction the order of 10¯³ S/cm at temperatures above 500°C in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere. Furthermore, activation energy values of the conductivity determined for the composites in air atmosphere are between those obtained for BCY15 (E_{a}=0.590±0.017 eV) and YDC15 (E_{a}=1.132±0.008 eV). From this it follows that both phases of the composites influence the electrical conductivity of the materials. In conclusion, BCY15 and the BCY15-YDC15 composites show promise for future use as electrolytes in dual protonic ceramic-solid oxide fuel cells.
Fast development of computation techniques for electrolyte activities contributed recently to introduction of a few substantial programmes for thermodynamic computing of multiphase systems. The presented study comprises useful information for practical computing using selected thermodynamic models of aqueous electrolyte solutions. Those models enable quantitative description of both phase and ionic equilibria and provide values of activity coefficients. The carried out analysis of individual models involved a comparison of their practical effectiveness features along with problems encountered in evaluation of the coefficients. The authors conclude that for the Solvay soda system the exUNIQUAC model for an in-house code or the MSE model for a commercial one can be used.
Cel badań: Celem pracy była ocena morfologii krwi, poziomu elektrolitów we krwi, wskaźników pozwalających zbadać pracę nerek i aktywności wybranych enzymów wątrobowych określających funkcję wątroby u „Morsa” z Krakowskiego Klubu Morsów „Kaloryfer” przed i po wyjściu z wody podczas całego sezonu zimowych kąpieli. Materiał i metodyka: Obiektem badań był „Mors” z Krakowskiego Klubu Morsów „Kaloryfer” – 53-letni mężczyzna. Krew od badanego pobrano: na początku sezonu morsowego, w trakcie sezonu morsowego (pięć razy) i pod koniec sezonu (każdorazowo przed i po wyjściu z wody); czas przebywania „Morsa” w wodzie: 10 minut. Wyniki: Analizując średnie wartości wskaźników przed i po wyjściu z wody wykazano statystycznie istotne zwiększenie AST [U/l] o 6,4 % i LDH [U/l] o 2,45 % oraz zmniejszenie stężenia Na+ [mmol/l] o 1,14 %, Cl¯ [mmol/l] o 1,78 % i mocznika [mmol/l] o 3,64 %. Wnioski: Regularne kąpiele „Morsa” w zimnej wodzie nie wpłynęły na wskaźniki morfologii krwi i nie wywołały patologicznych zmian w profilu nerkowym. Niewielkie wahania zaobserwowano w stężeniu elektrolitów w surowicy krwi, a zmiany w profilu wątrobowym dodatkowo „uzewnętrzniły” problemy ze zdrowiem, które pojawiły się przed morsowaniem.
EN
Study aim: The aim of the study was to assess blood morphology, electrolyte level as well as indices of kidney function and the activity of selected liver enzymes determining liver function before and after exiting the water in a winter swimmer (“Walrus”) from the “Kaloryfer” (“Radiator”) Krakow Winter Swimming Club during the whole winter bathing season. Materials and methods: The subject of research was a winter swimmer from the “Radiator” Krakow Winter Swimming Club a 53-year-old male. Blood was collected from the subject: at the beginning of the winter swimming season, during (five times) and at the end of the season (each time before and after getting out of the water); time maintaining in water: 10 minutes. Results: Analysing the average values of the indices before and after exiting the water, statistically significant increases were noted in AST [U/L] by 6.4% and LDH [U/L] by 2.45%, as well as a decrease in Na+ [mmol/l] by 1.14%, Clˉ [mmol/l] by 1.78% and urea [mmol/l] by 3.64%. Conclusions: Regular baths taken by the winter swimmers in cold water did not affect blood morphology indices and did not cause pathological changes in kidney profile. Furthermore, slight fluctuations regarding the concentration of electrolytes in the blood serum and changes in the hepatic profile additionally “externalised” health problems, which appeared prior to winter swimming.
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