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1
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Evaluation of the Limits of Stability (LOS) Balance Test

100%
Juras G., Słomka K., Fredyk A., Sobota G., Bacik B.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2008
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vol. 19
39-52
EN
The main objective of this study was the estimation of intrasession reliability of the limits of stability (LOS) test conducted on a force platform as an alternative measurement to standard posturography in quiet standing. Fifteen healthy adults took part in the experiment. The standardized measurement protocol of the LOS test was proposed. It consists of three phases - 1st phase - 10s of quiet standing, 2nd phase - the maximal forward leaning in a self paced manner, and 3rd phase - maintenance of maximal forward leaning position. The analysis of variance Friedman's ANOVA and Repeated Measures ANOVA/MANOVA was used to diagnose the differences between 10 consecutive trials of the LOS test. In order to establish reliability of the test, the intraclass correlation (ICC) procedure was used. We presented different ways of maximal center of pressure (COP) excursion estimates. The results of this study show no significant differences between the chosen parameters of the LOS test. Moreover, the measurement of the range of COP excursion, which is most commonly analyzed in such tests, showed to be quite reliable with ICC2,1 above .85. LOS test conducted along the standard procedure should be considered as a very useful method in clinical and research conditions. Still the specific parameters of the LOS test should be given more thorough insight, but it is a very good alternative to quiet standing posturography.
2
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Body Posture Stability in Ski Boots Under Conditions of Unstable Supporting Surface

100%
Tchórzewski D., Bujas P., Jankowicz-Szymańska A.
Journal of Human Kinetics
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2013
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vol. 38
33-44
EN
The authors attempted to determine whether: (1) there are differences in stability between the conditions of standing in ski boots and barefoot, (2) the type of surface affects stability, and, (3) the level of stability differs between the frontal and sagittal planes. The study included 35 young male recreational skiers aged 20.71 ±0.63 years. Measurements of stability were taken by means of a Libra seesaw balance board. The conditions of soft surface were created by attaching an inflated cushion to the board. The experiment was carried out on both rigid and soft surface for both movement planes and two different conditions: maintaining the seesaw balance board in the horizontal position and performance of a particular balancing task. All the tests were performed with visual feedback. Restricted ankle joint mobility that results from wearing ski boots caused a reduction of stability in studied subjects, particularly in the sagittal plane. The differences found in the study were likely to be caused by the difficulty the beginners experienced in re-organizing muscular coordination in hip joint strategy and effectively using mechanical support of ski boots that reduces lower limb muscle tone. The use of the soft surface improved stability exhibited by the subjects in the frontal plane without compromising the stability in the sagittal plane. The soft surface might have contributed to a reduction in excessive corrective movements, thus improving stability in studied subjects.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of limitation of foot mobility and disturbances in afferent information from the plantar mechanoreceptors due to wearing ski boots on the level of postural stability in beginner skiers under conditions of the unstable support surface.
3
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The Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on the Static and Dynamic Balance of Older Adults: A randomised Controlled Trial

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Ghasemabad K., Kamalden T., Dev R., Gasibat Q., Nekooei P., Majlesi S., Nekouei P., Alemi B.
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vol. 39
49-64
EN
This study aims to find the effectiveness of different exercise intensities (high-, moderate-, and low-intensity) on the dynamic and static balance of elderly women. A single-blinded factorial design study was conducted in healthy older adults (>65 years) in 12 weeks. The authors have assessed the Forward Reach Test (FRT), Lateral Reach Test (LRT), One Leg Stand (OLS), Tandem Stand Test (TST) in 60 healthy older women at a gym centre, Fit House located in Bukit Rimau, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Participants were randomly assigned to a High-Intensity Training (HIT) group; (n=15) (Mean age 69.60 ± 3.68) who performed four exercises [Leg Press (LP), Leg Extension (LE), Leg Curl (LC), and Calf Raises (CR)] at 80 to 90% of One-Repetition Maximum (1RM); Moderate-Intensity Training (MIT) group (n=15) (Mean age 69.27 ± 3.41) performed at 65 to 75% of 1RM; Low- Intensity Training (LIT) group (n=15) (Mean age 69.27 ± 1.94) performed at 50 to 60% of 1 RM; and a Control Group (CG) (n = 15) (Mean age 68.67 ± 2.38) with no training. Data was collected at pre-test, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of intervention. 60 participants were analysed and the main effect of time showed a statistically significant difference in the mean of all variables (all p < 0.001), and also there was a statistically significant interaction between intervention and time on all variables (all p < 0.001). Different levels of intensity on only the lower extremities muscles had a significant effect on the dynamic balance and static balance of the elderly population. After four weeks of training HIT, MIT, and LIT illustrated significant improvement in dynamic balance, as well as static balance.
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Stabilność posturalna u piłkarzy nożnych z przewlekłą niestabilnością stawu skokowo-goleniowego

75%
Stefaniak W., Bączkowicz D.
Polish Journal of Sports Medicine
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2018
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vol. 34(4)
239-245
EN
Background. Football players are exposed to frequent supination injuries of the talocrural joint and repeated injuries lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI). Previous study results indicate that CAI do not significantly affect postural stability under static conditions, however, it is suspected that it may aggravate under dynamic conditions. Therefore, the goal of this study was analysis of postural stability under dynamic conditions with regard to dominance of the lower limb. Material and methods. The sample comprised 28 football players (age = 26.1±5.4), included in CAI group according to the Ankle Consortium inclusion criteria and 37 football players (age = 27.3±5.2) with no history of supination injuries, included in the control group (CTRL). Biodex Balance System platform was used for postural stability assessment during single leg standing under dynamic conditions. Results. During single leg standing statistically significant between-group differences were noted (p<0.05). The following values were obtained in CAI and CTRL groups respectively: CAI: (OSI 7.01±2.43; APSI 5.18±1.85), CTRL: (OSI 5.27±1.42; APSI 3.98±1.42). During single leg standing similar trends were observed. CAI group obtained statistically significant (p<0.05), higher values of the studied parameters. Lower limb function played an important role in CTRL group as for OSI (dom. 7.23±1.48; n-dom. 5.64±1.51) and MLSI (dom. 3.8±0.64; n-dom. 3.07±0.97) parameters. Conclusions. CAI impairs postural stability in footballers under dynamic conditions, both during single and double leg standing, however, the lower limb function significantly affects postural control only in CTRL group.
PL
Wstęp. Piłkarze nożni narażeni są na częste urazy supinacyjne stawu skokowo-goleniowego, który, wielokrotnie powtarzany, sprzyja powstaniu przewlekłej niestabilności (CAI). Dotychczasowe badania wskazują, iż CAI nie wpływa istotnie na stabilność posturalną w warunkach statycznych, jednakże istnieją przypuszczenia, że w warunkach dynamicznych może mieć istotne znaczenie. Z tego powodu celem naszych badań była analiza stabilności posturalnej w warunkach dynamicznych, z uwzględnieniem dominacji kończyny dolnej. Materiał i metody. W badaniu wzięło udział 28 piłkarzy nożnych (w wieku 26,1±5,4) zakwalifikowanych do grupy CAI zgodnie z kryteriami kwalifikacji International Ankle Consortium oraz 37 piłkarzy (w wieku 27,3±5,2), bez wcześniejszej historii urazu supinacyjnego, tworzących grupę kontrolną (CTRL). Do oceny stabilności posturalnej w pozycji stania obunóż oraz jednonóż w warunkach dynamicznych wykorzystano platformę Biodex Balance System. Wyniki. W postawie obunóż zaobserwowano różnice istotne statystycznie (p<0,05) między grupami CAI (OSI 7,01±2,43; APSI 5,18±1,85) i CTRL (OSI 5,27±1,42; APSI 3,98± 1,42). W postawie jednonóż zauważono podobne trendy, gdzie CAI uzyskała istotnie statystycznie (p<0,05) wyższe wyniki w analizowanych parametrach. Funkcja kończyny dolnej odgrywała istotną rolę w grupie CTRL w parametrach OSI (dom. 7,23±1,48; n-dom. 5,64±1,51) oraz MLSI (dom. 3,8±0,64; n-dom. 3.07±0,97). Wnioski. CAI upośledza stabilność posturalną u piłkarzy nożnych w warunkach dynamicznych zarówno w postawie obunóż, jak i jednonóż, jednakże funkcja kończyny dolnej istotnie wpływa na kontrolę posturalną jedynie w grupie CTRL.
5
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Rzetelność i liczba powtórzeń testu Y u dzieci trenujących piłkę nożną

63%
Sikora D., Linek P., Saulicz E., Wolny T., Myśliwiec A.
Polish Journal of Sports Medicine
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2018
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vol. 34(3)
175-181
EN
Background. Y – Balance Test Kit is a widely used tool for dynamic balance assessment. However, the so far applied research protocol has been developed only for football training adults and youth aged 14-17 years. The main goal of the research was estimation of the reliability and the necessary number of trials to obtain stability of the Y-BT results on a sample of football training children. Material and methods. The sample comprised 60 children training football, aged 10-11 years. Y-BT Kit was used for the assessment, involving four training tests in each direction, both with the right and the left lower limb. Next, the participants performed five tests in each of the three directions. After each test, the relative length of the lower limbs was measured to calculate the values of distance according to the formula: (the distance obtained during the test/the relative length of the lower limb) *100. Results. Stability of the obtained values was achieved after 6 tests for the posterolateral (right lower limb) direction and for the anterior direction (left lower limb). No differences were found between the fourth and the fifth test results, and in the seventh test, stability of the results was obtained. The analysis of the interrater test–retest reliability (ICC3.1) results, obtained from the third, fourth and fifth tests ranged from 0.85 to 0.89 and the standard error of measurement (SEM) values ranged from 2,02 to 4.14. Conclusions. It is recommended to perform seven Y-test measurements in football training children as stability of the results is usually obtained after the fourth test.
PL
Wstęp. Y – balance test Kit jest powszechnie stosowanym narzędziem do oceny równowagi dynamicznej. Jednakże dotychczasowy protokół przeprowadzenia badania został opracowany wyłącznie dla osób dorosłych i młodzieży w wieku 14-17 lat trenującej piłkę nożną. Głównym celem badania było oszacowanie rzetelności i niezbędnej ilości prób potrzebnej do uzyskania stabilności wyników na Y-BT w grupie dzieci trenującej piłkę nożną. Materiał i metody. Grupę badaną stanowiło 60 dzieci w wieku 10-11 lat trenujących piłkę nożną. Do przeprowadzenia badania wykorzystano Y – BT Kit. Badanie polegało na przeprowadzeniu czterech prób szkoleniowych w każdym z trzech kierunków, zarówno prawą, jak i lewą kończyną dolną. Następnie badani wykonywali pięć prób pomiarowych w każdym z trzech kierunków. Po badaniu dokonywano pomiaru długości względnej kończyn dolnych, w celu obliczenia wartości odległości według wzoru: (odległość uzyskana w próbie/długość względna kończyny dolnej) *100. Wyniki. Stabilność wyników dla większości kierunków uzyskano po 6 próbach, dla kierunku tylno-bocznego (kończyna dolna prawa) i dla kierunku przedniego (kończyna dolna lewa) wskazano brak różnic pomiędzy próbą 4 i 5, dla tych dwóch kierunków uzyskano stabilizację wyników po 7 próbie. Z analizy wyników dla 3,4 i 5 próby wartość ICC3.1 wahała się od 0.85 do 0.89, a wartość SEM od 2,02 do 4,14. Wnioski. Podczas badania dzieci trenujących piłkę nożną za pomocą testu Y rekomenduje się wykonanie siedmiu prób pomiarowych ze względu na występowanie stabilizacji wyników we wszystkich kierunkach po czwartej próbie testowej.
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