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1
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Thermodynamic and mechanical characterisation of kaolin clay

100%
Hammouda I., Mihoubi D.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
|
2014
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vol. 16
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issue 1
28-35
EN
This study deals with experimental thermodynamic and rheological characterization of kaolin. Water sorption isotherms of kaolin were determined for three temperatures (30, 50 and 70°C). Desorption isotherms were fitted by using five models (GAB, BET, Henderson modified, Adam and Shove, Peleg) among the most used ones in literature. The GAB model was found to be the most suitable for describing the relationship between equilibrium moisture content and water activity for the whole range of temperature (30-70°C) and relative humidity(0-100%). Desorption enthalpy and entropy were determined. The desorption enthalpy decreases with increasing moisture content. The density and the shrinkage of the material and the Young’s modulus variations as a function of moisture content were determined experimentally. The Young modulus varies between 0.1 MPa and 14 MPa. The viscoelastic parameters of kaolin were also determined by using a series of Prony.
2
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An experimental study on drying characteristics and kinetics of figs (Ficuscarica)

100%
Sarvestani F. S., Rahimi A., Hatamipour M. S.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2014
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vol. 16
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issue 4
60-65
EN
In this study, the thin-layer drying characteristics of Figs (Ficus carica) are investigated in a pilot scale forced convective dryer. Experiments carried out under various operating conditions including air temperature (40, 50, 60, 70°C), air velocity (0.65, 2.1, 3.45, 4.85 m/s) and air humidity (0.005, 0.010, 0.015 kg/kg) and the effects of these operating conditions on the drying kinetics and the drying time determined. The obtained kinetics data are fitted into a conceptually developed model. The equilibrium moisture content of the dried figs is determined at different values of temperature and relative humidity of air. The values of effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) are obtained from the Fick’s second law and a temperature-dependent relation is proposed for this parameter.
3
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The impact of mechanical pre-treatment of wood biomass on drying rate

86%
Głowacki S., Jaros M., Sojak M., Tulej W., Bryś A., Witek M., Głowacki S., Jaros M., Sojak M., Tulej W., Bryś A., Witek M.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2020
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vol. 41
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issue 2
4
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Ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration and convective drying of apples: Process kinetics and quality issues

86%
Mierzwa D., Kowalski S. J.
Chemical and Process Engineering
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2016
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vol. 37
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issue 3
5
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FROM HARVESTING TO DISTILLATION – EFFECT OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES ON THE YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RHODODENDRON TOMENTOSUM (LEDUM PALUSTRE) ESSENTIAL OIL

86%
Łuczkiewicz M., Jesionek A., Zabiegala B., Bucinski A.
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
|
2019
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vol. 76
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issue 1
83-92
EN
Abstract: Rhododendron tomentosum possesses the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial properties, determined by the chemical composition of its essential oil. The effects of place (Miszewko, Lubichowo) and time of harvesting (June, November) as well as drying (air-drying, oven-drying, freeze-drying) and isolation (in Deryng, Clevenger and Likens-Nickerson apparatus) procedures on the yield and quality of R. tomentosum essential oil were studied. Ledol (8.1-14.4%), palustrol (6.9-13.0%) and γ-terpineol (8.5-9.1%) predominated in the plants collected from Miszewko, while γ-terpineol (11.8-22.2%), p-cymene (5.3-12.6%) and geranyl acetate (5.7-7.5%) prevailed in the biomass from Lubichowo. The shoots produced more volatiles in the flowering phase than in the end of the vegetation. Oven-drying at 30ºC with controlled air flow was suggested as the quick dehydration method. Hydrodistillation in Deryng and Clevenger apparatus resulted in comparatively high essential oil yield (about 1%). All studied drying and distillation methods did not influence significantly the general profile of R. tomentosum essential oil.
6
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Determination of Chemical Composition of Plums During Pre-Treatment and Drying

72%
Walkowiak-Tomczak D.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
|
2012
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vol. 19
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issue 1
89-96
EN
Thanks to drying, fruits are available on the market throughout the year. Parameters of drying conditions affect eg the content of bioactive compounds in the product. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pretreatment conditions and the applied drying method on changes in the chemical composition of plums. Analyses were conducted on plums cv. 'Valor', which were subjected to pre-treatment including blanching, drilling and osmotic dehydration. Next they were dried by the convection method at air temperature of 60°C and flow rate of 1.5 m/s. Dehydration was run in a 61.5% sucrose solution at a temperature of 50°C for 1 or 2 h. Convection-dried plums, with no osmotic dehydration applied, constituted the reference sample. In fresh, dehydrated and dried fruits determinations included dry matter, polyphenols by colorimetry with the Folin reagent and contents of sugars by colorimetry using 3,5-DNS acid. As a result of blanching and dehydration the content of dry matter increased. Water loss after dehydration amounted to as much as 1.45 g H2O/g d.m.0 after 2 h in comparison with blanched plums. As a result of dehydration total contents of sugars and polyphenols in plums decreased (mg/100 g d.m.). In convection-dried prunes the content of polyphenols was by 30÷50% higher than in the raw material, but lower than in the reference sample.
PL
Suszenie owoców pozwala na utrzymanie ich dostępności na rynku przez cały rok. Parametry warunków suszenia wpływają m.in. na zawartość związków bioaktywnych w produkcie. Celem pracy było badanie wpływu procesów obróbki wstępnej i metody suszenia na zmiany składu chemicznego śliwek. W badaniach wykorzystano śliwki odmiany 'Valor', które poddano obróbce wstępnej, obejmującej blanszowanie, drylowanie i odwadnianie osmotyczne. Następnie poddano je suszeniu metodą konwekcyjną przy temperaturze powietrza 60°C i przepływie 1,5 m/s. Odwadnianie prowadzono w 61,5% roztworze sacharozy, w temperaturze 50°C, w czasie 1 lub 2 godzin. Jako próbkę odniesienia przyjęto śliwki suszone konwekcyjnie z pominięciem odwadniania osmotycznego. W owocach świeżych, odwadnianych i suszonych oznaczano zawartość suchej substancji, polifenoli metodą kolorymetryczną z odczynnikiem Folina oraz zawartość cukrów metodą kolorymetryczną przy użyciu kwasu 3,5-DNS. W wyniku blanszowania i odwadniania zwiększyła się zawartość suchej substancji. Ubytek wody po odwadnianiu, w porównaniu do śliwek blanszowanych, wyniósł do 1,45 g H2O/g s.s.0 po 2 h. W wyniku odwadniania w śliwkach obniżyła się ogólna zawartość cukrów oraz polifenoli (mg/100 g s.s.). W śliwkach dosuszonych konwekcyjnie zawartość polifenoli była wyższa o 30÷50% niż w surowcu, ale niższa niż w próbce odniesienia.
7
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Sewage Sludge-To-Energy Management In Eastern Europe: A Polish Perspective

58%
Werle S.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
|
2015
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vol. 22
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issue 3
459-469
EN
The Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC was adopted about 30 years ago with a view to encourage sewage sludge reuse in agriculture and to regulate its use. Meanwhile, some EU Member States have adopted stricter standards and management practices than those specified in the Directive. In particular, the majority of Member States has introduced more stringent standards for sludge quality, including stricter limits for most potentially toxic elements, organic contaminants and other elements. In general, untreated sludge is no longer applied and in several Member States it is prohibited. In some cases, stringent standards have resulted in an effective ban on use of sludge in agriculture. Moreover, the implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EC should increase EU production of sewage sludge, thus enhancing problems related to sustainable sewage sludge management. Additionally, European legislation prohibits the landfill and water deposits of sewage sludge. The latest trends in the field of sludge management, ie combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and co-combustion, have generated significant scientific interest. This trend is specially strong visible in “new” EU Members countries which have to introduce strong EU Directive in their low system. Here the review the state of knowledge and technology in thermal methods for the utilization of municipal sewage sludge to obtain useful forms of energy such as pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and co-combustion taking into consideration Poland situation is presented.
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