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EN
Doping, although was born as a medication and not with the purpose of enhancing performance, is a widespread practice in all sports, between amateur and gym-goers. The Italian sports federations were in second place worldwide for positive doping-test, after Russia. This review focuses on the analysis of data collected by Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) in the 2012–2014 period, showing that the most commonly used substances were anabolic androgenic agents, glucocorticoids, diuretics and stimulants. Prevention in doping could be a key to limit the damage caused by this harmful practice both, for the physical health and the athlete’s moral integrity and anti-doping campaigns should be direct as much as possible to young people, since about two-thirds of adolescents appear to be dissatisfied with their body. Even coordination between the various professionals that surround athletes could help fight doping by planning specific training and adapted to the individual athlete, taking into account the actual physical limitations and physical features of each.
EN
While celebrated as a highly popular sport in Canada, there are many social problems existing within and around Canadian ice hockey. These problems are often overlooked and rarely depicted in academic and journalistic research on sport. These social problems include, but are not limited to: extreme violence resulting in injuries and death, hazing rituals, multiple types of sexual violence, drug abuse, financial corruption, as well as various forms of prejudice and discrimination. Prompted by pop-cultural depictions in films, this paper further identifies and explores social problems in Canadian ice hockey revealing the realism embedded within various seemingly fictional films.
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issue 3
187-192
EN
The term pervitin refers to methamphetamine in Central Europe, illegally produced from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine as a precursor. A growth in the use of psychoactive substances in some European countries has been noted for several years. According to data from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, the number of addicted people to pervitin increases in Europe at a rate of several percent per year. Pervitin is illegally produced and sold especially in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Germany and the Scandinavian countries, where its use is a significant social and healthcare problem. In Poland, the use of pervitin to intoxication were observed mainly in the provinces of southern and south-west, to which this substance is generally imported from the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Use of pervitin leads to addiction and a number of negative health consequences associated with its influence on the central and peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. In the course of pervitin use psychosis caused by intoxication, depression, neuropsychological deficits and damage to various organs may occur. Acute poisoning by pervitin can lead to death due to cardiovascular disorders, or hyperthermia and injecting promotes the spread of blood-borne diseases. The negative effects of its use are also described, such as risky sexual behaviours and crime. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the relatively new problem of using pervitin in Poland (the so-called Czech crystalline methamphetamine) to intoxication and to describe, among other things, the actions of the substance and the risks arising from its use.
PL
Terminem perwityna określa się w Europie Środkowej metamfetaminę wyprodukowaną nielegalnie z efedryny lub pseudoefedryny, jako prekursora. Od kilkunastu lat notuje się w niektórych krajach europejskich zwiększone zainteresowanie używaniem tej substancji psychoaktywnej. Dane Europejskiego Centrum Monitorowania Narkotyków i Narkomanii wskazują, że liczba osób uzależnionych od perwityny w Europie zwiększa się w tempie kilku procent rocznie. Perwityna jest produkowana i sprzedawana nielegalnie zwłaszcza na terenie Czech i Słowacji oraz w Niemczech i w krajach skandynawskich, gdzie jej przyjmowanie stanowi znaczny problem społeczny i medyczny. W Polsce stosowanie perwityny w celu odurzenia zaobserwowano głównie w województwach południowych i południowo- zachodnich, do których substancja ta jest sprowadzana najczęściej z Czech i Słowacji. Używanie perwityny prowadzi do uzależnienia i wielu negatywnych następstw zdrowotnych związanych z jej działaniem na ośrodkowy i obwodowy układ nerwowy, układ krążenia i układ oddechowy. W przebiegu stosowania perwityny mogą występować psychozy intoksykacyjne, zaburzenia depresyjne i deficyty neuropsychologiczne oraz uszkodzenia różnych narządów wewnętrznych. Ostre zatrucie perwityną może prowadzić do zgonu z powodu zaburzeń układu krążenia lub hipertermii, a jej dożylne przyjmowanie sprzyja rozprzestrzenianiu się chorób przenoszonych drogą krwi. Opisywane są też takie negatywne efekty jej stosowania, jak ryzykowne zachowania seksualne i przestępstwa. Celem tego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na stosunkowo nowy w Polsce problem używania perwityny (tzw. czeskiej, krystalicznej metamfetaminy) w celu odurzenia oraz opisanie działania tej substancji i zagrożeń wynikających z jej stosowania.
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