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Methods to encourage healthy eating in children: Review of current findings

100%

Moceviciene R., Zaborskis A.

Background: Healthy eating, especially fruit and vegetable consumption, is a major contributor to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. The multiple benefits of healthy food and nutrition in childhood and adolescence reinforce the need for studies encouraging young people to healthy nutrition. The present review increases understanding of what methods (interventions) should be performed to encourage healthy eating in children and adolescents. Material/Methods: A scientific literature review of Medline (Pubmed) database was performed, a total of 615 publications were found. Of these, only 15 papers were selected for the analysis. Results: The multi-component interventions (encouraging of fruit and vegetable consumption was usually combined with physical activity promotion and overweight/obesity control, n=8) could be considered as effective in encouraging healthy nutrition. Findings showed that programs and empowering policies at schools based on scientific evidence can increase consumption of fruit and vegetables among children and adolescents and promote healthier lifestyle as significant changes in healthy eating after intervention were identified in two thirds of projects. Barriers and limitations such as possible difficulties of implementation, duration and density of intervention, however, must be considered and prevented prior to interventions when it is possible because multi-component strategies may not lead to positive eating behaviour changes as intended. Moreover, single strategies such as fruit and vegetable campaigns also appeared to have positive effects on healthy foods consumption by children. Conclusions: The multi-component interventions (combinations of methods to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity and overweight or obesity control) can be considered as effective in healthy eating promotion of children and adolescents. However, barriers and limitations (difficulties in implementation, duration and density of an intervention) should be prevented prior the interventions

Wzdęcia i odbijania

84%

Słomka M., Małecka-Panas E.

Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna

2011

vol. 7

issue 1

30-34

Flatulence (bloating) is a symptom associated with the presence of excessive amount of gas within the bowel. Eructation (belching) is a functional disorder consisting in a retrograde passage of gas from the oesophagus and stomach to the oral cavity, associated with escape of gustatory and olfactory admixtures. Air enters the digestive tract being swallowed during eating or drinking. Some of it escapes back as a result of belching or passes to more distal segments of the digestive tract. Intra-enteric reactions generate such gases as methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Ailments resulting from an increased gas production are frequently reported by patients with functional disorders of the digestive tract, e.g. irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, functional diarrhoea, constipation and flatulence. Altered absorption of carbohydrates results in eructation, flatulence, abdominal pain and excessive passage of gas. Overproduction of enteric gas may result from excessive bacterial colonization of small bowel or infestation by Giardia lamblia. Bloating is seen in patients with gastroparesis, fat intolerance, premature stomach emptying, Hirschsprung disease and megacolon. Patients with flatulence and excessive amount of enteric gas require a detailed analysis of dietary habits and a search for correlation between development of symptoms and ingestion of a specific food. Noteworthy is that gumchewing and cigarette-smoking predisposes to aerophagia. A complete analysis of the problem is impossible without an adequate degree of sensitiveness, accurateness and attentiveness on the part of the examining physician.

Wzdęcie to objaw związany z obecnością nadmiernej ilości gazów w jelitach. Odbijanie to zaburzenie motoryczne polegające na wstecznym przepływie gazów z przełyku i żołądka do jamy ustnej, czemu towarzyszy wydostawanie się domieszek smakowych i zapachowych. Powietrze dostaje się do przewodu pokarmowego wskutek połykania go podczas jedzenia lub picia. Część z niego wydostaje się z powrotem w wyniku odbijania, natomiast część przechodzi do dalszych odcinków przewodu pokarmowego. Produkcja wewnątrzjelitowa powoduje powstanie takich gazów, jak metan, wodór i dwutlenek węgla. Dolegliwości wynikające ze zwiększonego wytwarzania gazów są często zgłaszane przez pacjentów z czynnościowymi chorobami jelit, takimi jak zespół jelita drażliwego, dyspepsja czynnościowa, czynnościowymi biegunkami, zaparciami i wzdęciami. Zaburzenia wchłaniania węglowodanów wywołują objawy w postaci odbijania, wzdęć, bólów brzucha i nadmiernego oddawania gazów. Nadprodukcja gazów jelitowych może być następstwem nadmiernej kolonizacji bakteryjnej jelita cienkiego lub zakażenia Giardia lamblia. Wzdęcia obserwuje się u chorych z gastroparezą, nietolerancją tłuszczów, szybkim opróżnianiem żołądka, chorobą Hirschprunga i w okrężnicy olbrzymiej. U pacjentów ze wzdęciem i nadmiernymi gazami należy szczegółowo przeanalizować nawyki dietetyczne oraz korelację między występowaniem dolegliwości a spożyciem konkretnego posiłku. Trzeba pamiętać, że żucie gumy i palenie papierosów predysponuje do aerofagii. Pełna analiza problemu nie jest możliwa bez odpowiedniej wrażliwości, dokładności i uwagi ze strony badającego lekarza.

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1 Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

1 Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna

1 2013

1 2011

1 Małecka-Panas E.

1 Moceviciene R.

1 Słomka M.

1 Zaborskis A.

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Methods to encourage healthy eating in children: Review of current findings

Wzdęcia i odbijania