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EN
It is commonly assumed that psychiatric violence is motivated by delusions, but here the concept of a reversed impetus is explored, to understand whether delusions are formed as ad-hoc or post-hoc rationalizations of behaviour or in advance of the actus reus. The reflexive violence model proposes that perceptual stimuli has motivational power and this may trigger unwanted actions and hallucinations. The model is based on the theory of ecological perception, where opportunities enabled by an object are cues to act. As an apple triggers a desire to eat, a gun triggers a desire to shoot. These affordances (as they are called) are part of the perceptual apparatus, they allow the direct recognition of objects - and in emergencies they enable the fastest possible reactions. Even under normal circumstances, the presence of a weapon will trigger inhibited violent impulses. The presence of a victim will also, but under normal circumstances, these affordances don't become violent because negative action impulses are totally inhibited, whereas in psychotic illness, negative action impulses are treated as emergencies and bypass frontal inhibitory circuits. What would have been object recognition becomes a blind automatic action. A range of mental illnesses can cause inhibition to be bypassed. At its most innocuous, this causes both simple hallucinations (where the motivational power of an object is misattributed). But ecological perception may have the power to trigger serious violence also -a kind that's devoid of motives or planning and is often shrouded in amnesia or post-rational delusions.
EN
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is considered to be the second most frequent primary degenerative dementing illness after Alzheimer’s disease. Psychotic symptoms are typical features in DLB patients, and visual hallucinations are the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms and have been considered as one of the core features in the clinical diagnostic criteria of DLB. According to literature, spectrum of delusional ideation may be observed in DLB cases. There is a serious problem of misdiagnosis in cases with delusional ideation in DLB cases. The diagnosis of senile psychosis is frequently made duo to visual hallucinations and delusions. Moreover, diagnosis of delusional parasitosis (form of monodelusional disorder, known as Ekbom’s syndrome) must be taken into account during differential diagnosis. Subjects with delusions of being infested with parasites frequently consult many specialists (dermatologists, internists or allergists) and usually reject psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, there is a limited evidence of the efficacy of specific pharmacologic interventions, but severe sensitivity to typical and atypical antipsychotics in approximately 50% can occur, and improvements in visual hallucinations with cholinesterase inhibitors could be expected. Herein, we report two cases of DLB suffering due to delusions of being infested by parasites (delusional parasitosis). The paper demonstrates the clinical picture and utility of cholinesterase inhibitors and low doses of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of psychosis in the DLB cases.
PL
Otępienie z ciałami Lewy’ego (DLB) to druga (po chorobie Alzheimera) przyczyna otępień pierwotnie zwyrodnieniowych. Objawy psychotyczne należą do typowych symptomów DLB, a omamy wzrokowe, najczęstsze w tej grupie objawów, uznano za kluczowy objaw i umieszczono w klinicznych kryteriach diagnostycznych. Jak wynika z piśmiennictwa, u chorych z DLB można zaobserwować całe spektrum treści urojeniowych. Podkreśla się również ryzyko postawienia błędnej diagnozy z powodu treści urojeniowych obecnych u chorych z DLB. Współwystępowanie omamów wzrokowych i urojeń najczęściej skutkuje ustaleniem rozpoznania psychozy starczej. Co więcej, urojeniowa parazytoza (psychoza monosymptomatyczna zwana zespołem Ekboma) powinna być brana pod uwagę w trakcie diagnostyki różnicowej. Ze względu na specyfikę objawów chorzy z urojeniami zakażenia parazytami często zasięgają opinii różnych specjalistów (dermatologów, internistów, alergologów), a odrzucają rozpoznanie psychiatryczne i odmawiają leczenia psychotropowego. Niestety, istnieją jedynie ograniczone dane na temat skuteczności specyficznych interwencji farmakologicznych, a po zastosowaniu neuroleptyku u około 50% chorych z DLB odnotowuje się poważne reakcje nadwrażliwości. Poprawy w zakresie omamów wzrokowych można się spodziewać po włączeniu do leczenia inhibitorów cholinesterazy. W pracy przedstawiono dwa przypadki pacjentek z DLB doświadczających urojeń choroby pasożytniczej (urojeniowa parazytoza). Zaprezentowano obraz kliniczny psychozy oraz przydatność inhibitorów cholinesterazy i małych dawek leków przeciwpsychotycznych w leczeniu psychozy u chorych z DLB.
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