Introduction. The objective of the study was a comparative analysis of the results of unified and two-tier university studies in physical education at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska of the University of Physical Education in Warsaw. Material and methods. The study utilized 128 full-time final semester students. The study utilized a diagnostic poll and random survey method. On the basis of respondents' opinions, the following results were analyzed: respondents' expectations regarding their education and the level of their fulfilment, forms of activities undertaken during studies, professional plans and opinions regarding the course of studies in PE. Results. The analysis revealed that, when making the decision to study physical education, respondents expected to gain directional competences and knowledge and skills enabling further education. Respondents highly regarded the level of these competences gained. The majority of respondents expressed a wish to find employment in the education sector and other institutions of physical education. Conclusion. The result of the research indicated that transforming unified Master's studies into two-tier university studies did not bring about fundamental changes in the outcome of studies in physical education.
Effective competition for access to social resources is dependent on skills defined also as competences for action, cooperation and counteraction. Therefore, the objective of the study was to formulate a consistent set of criteria by means of which it would be possible to ensure objective identification of an individual's skills to take action in competitive conditions, with particular attention to sport game and fight. It was assumed as the basis of the paradigm that the skill of sport game and fight is the conscious or intuitive application of solutions surprising the competitor by their uniqueness, choices or speed of action. The following criteria were distinguished among the criteria proposed for identifying competitive skills: surprise by creativity of action shown by precision, flexibility and uniqueness of performance, surprise by choice indicated by the dynamics of the repertoire of actions, and surprise by speed of action resulting from increasing velocity or making use of the variability of rhythm, speed and direction of action. The concept presented appears to be a consistent paradigm of objectivized identification of competitive skills. On the basis of this identification, it is possible to formulate practical directives which allow for the improvement of processes: educating, coaching, or managing the development of competences with respect to effective competition for access to social resources, including sports resources.