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EN
Grabia, a small still close to natural conditions lowland river, has been an object of special interest for Łódź hydrobiologists for more than 50 years. Over 100 scientific papers and over 100 master theses were produced in the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Łódź. The initiator was Prof.L.K. Pawłowski who spent many years conducting research into the river. The ground and the first research objective was to recognize the fauna diversity. The checklist encompass almost 1000 invertebrate and 24 fish species. Taxonomy, biology and ecology of various taxa have made for many decades an essential trend of scientific activity. Special attention was dedicated to rotifers, leeches, branchiobdellids, snails and bivalves, gammarids and copepods as well as aquatic insects, fish and also diatoms. Some aspects of zoobenthos and Zooplankton communities ecology was the subject of 13 Ph.D.theses. The river with its rich animal and plant communities was also the subject of dynamics of river ecosystem research. The study on the structure of invertebrate assemblages on the background of habitat diversity has been recently conducted. The model may be treealed as a reference to the restoration of Europaean rivers and their valleys.
EN
Based on 3047 records from 97 recorders distribution maps were drawn for the amphibians and reptiles of central Poland (lirom 51°00’N to 52°15’N and from 18°20’E to 20°20’E). The study area was divided into 180 atlas fields based on the geographic grid. All data were gathered in 1980-2000, most of them (67%) however, in 1995-2000. 13 taxa of amphibians were found in 143 atlas fields and 6 species of reptiles were found in 121 atlas fields. The amphibians were (given with the number of atlas fields with the species found): 119 - Common frog Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758; 114 - Common toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758); 97 - Moor frog Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842; 94 - Fire-bellied toad Bomhina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761); 93 - Pool frog Rana lessonae Camerano, 1882; 87 - Tree frog Hyla arhorea (Linnaeus, 1758); 85 - Green toad Bufo viriiüs Laurenti, 1768; 72 - Smooth newt Triturus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758); 70 - Spadefoot Pelobales fuscus (Laurenti, 1768); 69 - Edible frog Rana kl. esculenia Linnaeus, 1758; 39 - Great crested newt Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, 1768); 30 - Marsh frog Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 and 28 - the Natterjack Bufo calamita Laurenti, 1768. The reptile species (given with the number o f atlas fields) were: 94 - Sand lizard Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758; 72 - Slow-worm Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758; 67 - Common lizard Lacerta vivipara Jacquin, 1787; 60 - Grass snake Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758), 57 - Adder Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) and 4 - the Smooth snake Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768. Six adult specimens of the European pond terrapin Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus) were also found, but breeding of this species in the area studied was not confirmed.
PL
W artykule omówiono kilka zagadnień dotyczących roli warunków fizjograficznych w procesie obiegu wody i migracji innych substancji w obrębie małej zlewni położonej w strefie podmiejskiej dużego miasta (Łodzi). Opisu dokonano w dwu zasadniczych aspektach: formowania odpływu i kształtowania retencji. Wyniki dotyczą w szczególności roli: rzeźby terenu (nachyleń stoków), przepuszczalności gruntu oraz podatności terenu w procesie formowania różnych form odpływu. W odniesieniu do retencji, omówiono problemy retencji powierzchniowej, w tym koryt i zbiorników wodnych, pojemności wodnej ryzosfery (strefy korzeniowej roślin) oraz zasobów wód podziemnych. Szczególnie dużo uwagi poświęcono zagadnieniom prezentacji i analizy zmienności przestrzennej wymienionych cech zlewni. Do ich zobrazowania wykorzystano mapy rastrowe oparte o siatkę pól elementarnych (rys. 3–11).
EN
In the article some problems connected with the role of physiographical conditions in water circulation process and migration of substances within a little drainage basin situated on the outskirts of a large town (Łódź) were discussed. The description was given in two basic aspects: runoff forming and retention shaping. The results referred especially to the role of relief of the Earth’s surface (inclination of slopes), soil permeability and ground susceptibility to shaping the runoff forms. As regards water retention, surface retention of channels and waterbodies, water capacity of the rhizoshpere, and groundwater resources were mentioned. Great attention was given to the presentation and analyses of spatial variability of the drainage basin characteristics. To illustrate it digital maps were used, which were based on elementary squares network (fig. 3–11). These maps are the most important results of the research.
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